Humoral and cellular responses to spike of δ SARS-CoV-2 variant in vaccinated patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

Petrone, Linda; Picchianti-Diamanti, Andrea; Sebastiani, Gian Domenico; Aiello, Alessandra; Laganà, Bruno; Cuzzi, Gilda; Vanini, Valentina; Gualano, Gina; Grifoni, Alba; Ferraioli, Mario; Castilletti, Concetta; Meschi, Silvia; Vaia, Francesco; Nicastri, Emanuele; Sette, Alessandro; Goletti, Delia

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.027

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Regarding the antibody response, no significant differences were observed for the anti-RBD IgG response, both quantitatively and qualitatively, between patients with IMID and immunocompetent subjects. We only found a reduced number of responders in patients under CTLA-4-IgG, although immunosuppressive therapies may impact the antibody response to anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, as recently shown ( 58 – 62 ).…”

Section: The Relationship Between Covid-19 and Rheumatic Diseasessupporting

confidence: 65%

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COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases: A mini-review

Roseti

Grigolo

2022

Front. Med.

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Joint pain and arthralgia can be manifestations of COVID-19, and studies evaluating long COVID symptoms identified the persistence of these disorders. Moreover, some case reports highlighted the development of new inflammatory arthritis in patients with COVID-19, suggesting a possible relation. Viral infections and rheumatic diseases share a documented relationship; they have been associated with genetic and environmental risk factors responsible for some of them. There is crosstalk between viruses and the immune system during the development of several rheumatic diseases. Moreover, infections may participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases and contribute to patient mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to provide a clearer insight into the interaction between viral infections and rheumatic diseases. Here, we provide a mini-review of the current literature with the aim of shedding light on the relationship between COVID-19 and rheumatic or musculoskeletal diseases, which is still unclear. Specifically, we examined several aspects: risk for the rheumatic population of acquiring the virus or developing severe symptoms, similarities of COVID-19 and arthritis, the possible rheumatic consequence of COVID-19, of rheumatic drugs and vaccines, and COVID-19 prevention in rheumatic patients through vaccination.

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Section: The Relationship Between Covid-19 and Rheumatic Diseasessupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Rheumatic patients, particularly with immune-mediated inflammatory disease ones (IMID), are a priority target group for the COVID-19 vaccine campaign ( 58 ). In these patients vaccination induces an immunological response that is higlighted below.…”

Section: The Relationship Between Covid-19 and Rheumatic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases: A mini-review

Roseti

Grigolo

2022

Front. Med.

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“…Regarding the adaptive immune response, it has been reported that CD4 + and CD8 + T-cell responses appear early after infection (32, 36) or vaccination (64)(65)(66)(67), cross-recognize viral variants (10, 68), are over time stable and persist in vulnerable populations, albeit with a low amount (37,38). In this manuscript, we showed that the T-cell response evaluated by a simple IGRA method based on the stimulation of whole blood with SARS-CoV-2 peptides from the S-, N-, or M-region, appears simultaneously or later compared to the innate immunity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated innate and T-cell immune responses in mild COVID-19 patients from household contacts of COVID-19 cases during the first pandemic wave

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveTo better define the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, the present study aims to characterize the early immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in household contacts of COVID-19 cases. In particular, innate, T- and B-cell specific responses were evaluated over time.MethodsHousehold contacts of COVID-19 cases screened for SARS−CoV−2 infection by nasopharyngeal swab for surveillance purposes were enrolled (T0, n=42). Of these, 28 subjects returned for a follow-up test (T1). The innate response was assessed by detecting a panel of soluble factors by multiplex-technology in plasma samples. Cell-mediated response was evaluated by measuring interferon (IFN)-γ levels by ELISA in plasma harvested from whole-blood stimulated with SARS−CoV−2 peptide pools, including spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins. The serological response was assessed by quantifying anti-Receptor-Binding-Domain (RBD), anti-Nucleocapsid (N), whole virus indirect immunofluorescence, and neutralizing antibodies.ResultsAt T0, higher levels of plasmatic IFN-α, IL-1ra, MCP-1 and IP-10, and lower levels of IL-1β, IL-9, MIP-1β and RANTES were observed in subjects with positive swab compared to individuals with a negative one (p<0.05). Plasmatic IFN-α was the only cytokine detectable in subjects with positive SARS-CoV-2 swabs with high accuracy for swab score positivity (0.93, p<0.0001). Among subjects with positive swabs, significant negative correlations were found among the RT-PCR cycle threshold values reported for genes S and N and IFN-α or IP-10 levels. At T0, the IFN-γ T-cell specific response was detected in 50% (5/10) of subjects with positive swab, while anti-RBD/anti-N antibodies showed a positivity rate of 10% (1/10). At T1, the IFN-γ T-cell specific response was detected in most of the confirmed-infection subjects (77.8%, 7/9), whereas the serological response was still observed in a minority of them (44.4%, 4/9). Overall, the swab test showed a moderate concordance with the T-cell response (78.6%, k=0.467), and a scarce concordance with the serological one (72.9%, k=0.194).ConclusionsPlasmatic IFN-α and the IFN-γ T-cell specific response appear early even in the absence of seroconversion, and show a greater positivity rate than the serological response in household contacts with positive swab.

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“…Although large-scale vaccine administration is available in the majority of countries, the identification of new effective therapies is still crucial for unvaccinated or vaccinated vulnerable subjects at higher risk to develop severe disease ( 6 ). Moreover, due to the emergence of new variants of concern (VOC) evading the immune protection mediated by the vaccine, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies ( 7 ) especially involving T cells being more stable over time ( 8 ) and recognizing the VOC in both immune competent ( 9 ) and immune deficient individuals ( 10 , 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of interleukin-10 on peripheral blood immune cells of COVID-19 patients: Implication for COVID-19 therapy

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveSeveral therapies with immune-modulatory functions have been proposed to reduce the overwhelmed inflammation associated with COVID-19. Here we investigated the impact of IL-10 in COVID-19, through the ex-vivo assessment of the effects of exogenous IL-10 on SARS-CoV-2-specific-response using a whole-blood platform.MethodsTwo cohorts were evaluated: in “study population A”, plasma levels of 27 immune factors were measured by a multiplex (Luminex) assay in 39 hospitalized “COVID-19 patients” and 29 “NO COVID-19 controls” all unvaccinated. In “study population B”, 29 COVID-19 patients and 30 NO COVID-19-Vaccinated Controls (NO COVID-19-VCs) were prospectively enrolled for the IL-10 study. Whole-blood was stimulated overnight with SARS-COV-2 antigens and then treated with IL-10. Plasma was collected and used for ELISA and multiplex assay. In parallel, whole-blood was stimulated and used for flow cytometry analysis.ResultsBaseline levels of several immune factors, including IL-10, were significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared with NO COVID-19 subjects in “study population A”. Among them, IL-2, FGF, IFN-γ, and MCP-1 reached their highest levels within the second week of infection and then decreased. To note that, MCP-1 levels remained significantly elevated compared with controls. IL-10, GM-CSF, and IL-6 increased later and showed an increasing trend over time. Moreover, exogenous addition of IL-10 significantly downregulated IFN-γ response and several other immune factors in both COVID-19 patients and NO COVID-19-VCs evaluated by ELISA and a multiplex analysis (Luminex) in “study population B”. Importantly, IL-10 did not affect cell survival, but decreased the frequencies of T-cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 (p<0.05) and down-modulated HLA-DR expression on CD8+ and NK cells.ConclusionThis study provides important insights into immune modulating effects of IL-10 in COVID-19 and may provide valuable information regarding the further in vivo investigations.

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Humoral and cellular responses to spike of δ SARS-CoV-2 variant in vaccinated patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases

Cited by 29 publications

References 29 publications

COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases: A mini-review

COVID-19 and rheumatic diseases: A mini-review

Coordinated innate and T-cell immune responses in mild COVID-19 patients from household contacts of COVID-19 cases during the first pandemic wave

Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of interleukin-10 on peripheral blood immune cells of COVID-19 patients: Implication for COVID-19 therapy

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