Humoral immune response to repeated lumpy skin disease virus vaccination and performance of serological tests

Milovanović, Milovan; Dietze, Klaas; Milićević, Vesna; Radojičić, Sonja; Valčić, Miroslav; Moritz, Tom; Hoffmann, Bernd

doi:10.1186/s12917-019-1831-y

Cited by 53 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The proportion of positive and negative ELISA results of animals aged more than 180 days (to avoid the possible interference of the maternal immunity) according to time post vaccination (1 and 2 vaccinations) is shown in Figure 11. It can be seen that up to 26 months after the first vaccination and up to 18 months after the second vaccination, around 23% and 47% of the animals, respectively, were still positive, in line with the study by Milovanovic et al (2019) where 33% of animals were still seropositive at ELISA after several months (11 months).…”

Section: Sero-surveillance In Croatiasupporting

confidence: 87%

Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis

Calistri¹,

Clercq²,

Gubbins³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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In 2019, no lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks were reported in South‐Eastern Europe, the mass vaccination regional campaign with homologous LSD vaccine continued for the fourth year with over 1.8 million bovines vaccinated in the region, preventing further outbreaks since 2016. LSD outbreaks were reported in Turkey, including western Turkey, in Russia and in eastern Asia affecting China, Bangladesh and India for the first time. The use of homologous vaccine should be considered in the countries still affected in order to eliminate the virus. Besides passive surveillance, which is implemented in all the countries, active surveillance for early detection based on clinical examination could be conducted ideally during April–October every 5 weeks in at‐risk areas, based on possible re‐emergence or re‐introduction from affected neighbouring countries. Active surveillance for proving disease freedom could be based on serological testing (enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) targeting 3.5% seroprevalence and conducted on a random sample of cattle herds on non‐vaccinated animals. LSD re‐emerged in Israel in 2019, after vaccination became voluntary. This shows that, if the virus is still circulating in the region, the reduced protection might result in re‐emergence of LSD. In case of re‐emergence, a contingency plan and vaccine stockpiling would be needed, in order to react quickly. From a study performed in Israel to test side effects of live‐attenuated homologous LSD vaccine, milk production can be reduced during 7 days after vaccination (around 6–8 kg per cow), without a significant loss in the 30 days after vaccination. Research needs should be focused on the probability of transmission from insect to bovine, the virus inactivation rate in insects, the collection of baseline entomological data, the capacity of vector species in LSDV transmission linked to studies on their abundance and the control of Stomoxys calcitrans being the most important vector in LSD transmission.

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Section: Sero-surveillance In Croatiasupporting

confidence: 87%

Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis

Calistri¹,

Clercq²,

Gubbins³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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“…We described a modified VNT using MDBK cells and compared it with the current gold standard VNT/OIE and commercially available ELISA. Although VNT is labor intensive and time consuming and requires biosafety level 3 (BSL3) containment in disease-free countries ( 16 ), it is still the recommended test in the OIE terrestrial manual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two previous studies ( 16 , 20 ) also described VNT for LSDV antibody titer estimations. The methods were technically similar to those for the VNT/MDBK used here, but the VNT/MDBK is the only one that compared the results to the gold standard VNT/OIE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LSDV causes significant economic losses, mainly by inducing severely reduced milk production, weight loss, abortion, infertility, and hide damage ( 15 ). For successful LSD control, vaccination of all susceptible animals is considered to be the main pillar, supported by other control measures such as stamping out, animal movement restrictions, and vector control ( 16 ). In vaccinated animals, antibodies appear 10 days postvaccination and reach a peak 30 days later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Serological Tests for Detection of Antibodies against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

et al. 2020

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging, transboundary, viral pox disease affecting cattle of all ages and breeds. Serological assay for monitoring immunity following vaccination is a virus neutralisation test (VNT/OIE) that determines the neutralisation index (NI). The first validated ELISA (IDVet) has become commercially available, facilitating large-scale sero-surveillance for LSD. Although VNT is labour intensive and time consuming it is still recommended test by OIE. Thus, in this study, we modified virus neutralisation test employing Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells. The qualitative results obtained with the modified method were compared to the qualitative results obtained by VNT/OIE and ELISA test. We used blood sera received within a surveillance programme for LSD in 2018. In total, 291 serum samples were tested using VNT/MDBK and ELISA. Out of 291 samples 80 samples were tested by VNT/OIE and used for comparison of the performances between VNT/MDBK and VNT/OIE. Compatibility of results obtained by VNT/MDBK and VNT/OIE resulted with kappa index 0,9 with overall proportion agreement of 0,96. Agreement between VNT/MDBK and VNT/OIE was achieved in 56 positive and 21 negative samples. Compatibility of results obtained by ELISA and VNT/MDBK were compared on 291 samples in total and resulted with kappa index 0,834 with overall proportion agreement of 0,955. Agreement between ELISA and VNT/MDBK was achieved in 238 positive and 40 negative samples. Obtained results demonstrated a strong correlation between VNT/MDBK and the other two methods indicating the suitability of VNT/MDBK for the detection of the LSDV specific neutralising antibodies.

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“…Few studies on the development of ELISA tests for LSD-specific antibody detection by using recombinant P32 [12], recombinant two virion core protein of sheeppox virus [13], and inactivated sheeppox virus as coating antigen for antibody detection [14] have been published. A double antigen ELISA from the IDvet® is currently the only commercially available kit for detection of capripox specific antibodies applied in field studies for seromonitoring [15]. All of these ELISA have been developed for plasma or serum as sample matrix to be used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of individual and bulk milk samples to investigate the humoral immune response to lumpy skin disease vaccination by ELISA

Milovanović

Milićević²,

Radojičić

et al. 2020

Virol J

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Background: The detection of antibodies against capripoxvirus has become easier with a commercially available ELISA validated for serum and plasma. In order to explore its suitability for immunological investigations on alternative samples, this study targeted milk as sample matrix available through non-invasive sampling. Methods: Samples for this study were collected from dairy cows vaccinated against LSD in an area without reported LSD virus circulation. Paired serum and milk (individual and bulk) samples were tested by ELISA without and with modifications of the sample incubation time for the milk samples. For the evaluation of the test specificity, 352 milk samples from a milk repository in Germany were used as negative control. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed for determination of the Youden index and determination of the most suitable cutoff value for maximum specificity. Results: From 154 analyzed serum samples from Serbia, 75 were detected as positive in the ELISA. Sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test for milk samples reached values of 88 to 91% using Youden criteria. A cutoff of 10 was determined aiming for maximum specificity. This cutoff value was used for further analysis. Using the protocol for serum, out of 154 milk samples, 38 were detected as positive, number of positive detected milk samples increase up to 48 with modified protocol. Milk samples from Germany reacted negative, except two samples that had borderline results using modified protocol. Significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) was observed between two incubation protocols. The detection of LSD-specific antibodies from bulk milk samples (pools of 2-10 individuals) came along with a reduced sensitivity over the sample of individual animals. Conclusions: Results show that the detection of capripoxvirus specific antibodies in milk samples using the commercially available ELISA from IDvet is feasible and can represent a helpful tool for LSDV monitoring programs.

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Humoral immune response to repeated lumpy skin disease virus vaccination and performance of serological tests

Cited by 53 publications

References 27 publications

Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis

Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis

Evaluation of Serological Tests for Detection of Antibodies against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Suitability of individual and bulk milk samples to investigate the humoral immune response to lumpy skin disease vaccination by ELISA

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