Hurricane impact associated with transactional sex and moderated, but not mediated, by economic factors in Okay, Haiti

Luetke, Maya; Judge, Ashley; Kianersi, Sina; Jules, Reginal; Rosenberg, Molly

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113189

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…SV was associated with displacement (Wirtz et al, 2018), women being associated with fighting forces (Swiss et al, 1998), militarization of the community (Mootz et al, 2017), revenge/intercommunal violence (GWI & IRC, 2017; Mootz et al, 2017) and the death of family members/widowhood (Mootz et al, 2017). In natural disaster contexts, studies have shown associations between exposure to disasters and higher prevalence of child marriage, SV, transactional sex, and IPV after disasters (e.g., Anastario et al, 2009; Harville et al, 2011; Kumala Dewi & Dartanto., 2019; Luetke et al, 2020; Rao, 2020; Sahni et al, 2016). Explanations for these increases include stress during and after a disaster (Sohrabizadeh, 2016) or displacement and injury/loss of family members (Sakurai et al, 2017; Weitzman & Behrman, 2016).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Women and Girls Living in Conflict and Natural Disaster-Affected Settings: A Systematic Review

Murphy

Ellsberg

Balogun

et al. 2022

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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This systematic review provides an overview of existing research on risk and protective factors associated with violence against women and girls (VAWG) in conflict and natural disaster settings. PubMed (Medline); PsycINFO; Scopus; and Cochrane Center trials registrar were searched as well as relevant internet repositories for VAWG research. The inclusion criteria covered studies that were published between January 1995 and December 2020, documented risk and/or protective factors for VAWG in conflict or natural disaster-affected settings and included primary or secondary data analysis. A total of 1,413 records were initially identified and 86 articles (covering 77 studies) were included in the final analysis. The findings show that many preexisting risk factors for VAWG are exacerbated in armed conflict and natural disaster-affected settings. Poverty and economic stress, men’s substance abuse, exposure to violence, changing gender roles in contexts of inequitable gender norms, and a lack of social support are some of the risk factors associated with male perpetration or female experience of violence. In addition, risk factors specific to experiences during armed conflict or in a natural disaster (e.g., displacement, insecurity or congestion in and around displacement camps, militarization of society, killing of family, destruction of property, etc.) are associated with higher prevalence of VAWG in these contexts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Women and Girls Living in Conflict and Natural Disaster-Affected Settings: A Systematic Review

Murphy

Ellsberg

Balogun

et al. 2022

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

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“…Damages ensued by the earthquake in January 2010 and MINUSTAH’s introduction of cholera in October 2010 (Frerichs et al , 2012) resulted in the propagation of a “humanitarian economy.” Post-earthquake, a wave of international relief organizations/actors culminated in the displacement of national/regional actors involved in public service and governance (Pierre-Louis, 2011). Moreover, natural disasters incubated power differentials that underscored peacekeeper and humanitarian aid worker-perpetrated sexual abuse and exploitation (SEA) and transactional sex (Vahedi et al , 2019; Luetke et al , 2020).…”

Section: Contextual Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proactive and reactive responses to pregnancies resulting from sexual exploitation and abuse: an ecological model based on Haitian survivors’ experiences

Vahedi

Lee

Bartels

2021

JACPR

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze the lived experience of seeking justice and reparations related to conceiving a peacekeeper-fathered child. Design/methodology/approach Based on 18 semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted across Haiti in 2017, the authors mapped the experiences of Haitian mothers of peacekeeper-fathered children onto the ecological framework, proposing prevention/response strategies at the micro, meso and macro levels. Findings The findings mainly focus on reporting and access to support. Reporting was sometimes discouraged by the peacekeeper fathers due to the fear of being reprimanded. Among women who did report, some were told that nothing could be done, as the peacekeeper returned to his home country. Disclosure fatigue was common among participants who formally reported their pregnancies/peacekeeper-fathered children, particularly when promises of employment or child support failed to materialize. Overall, there was widespread distrust and disillusionment with the UN’s reporting and support system. Originality/value To improve the UN’s sexual abuse and exploitation prevention/response system at the micro level, the authors propose addressing personal knowledge/attitudes/beliefs through scenario-based and contextually relevant peacekeeper training and addressing the sexual/reproductive health needs of women and girls in proximity to peacekeeping bases. At the meso level, the UN should improve trust in reporting. Efforts to do so should include mandatory third-party deoxyribonucleic acid testing and banking, streamlined reporting mechanisms and removing the practice of automatically repatriating implicated peacekeepers. At the macro level, the authors recommend investments to improve educational and economic opportunities for women and girls, as well as revamping policies that contribute to impunity and absolve peacekeepers and troop-contributing countries of their responsibilities to provide child support.

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“…In this sense, inequalities between women and men have a direct impact on the level of pre-disaster risk and on poverty and post-disaster exclusion [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Women have been found to be at greater risk than men of disasters, as evidenced not only by the marked difference in mortality rates between men and women but also in the access to and adequacy of care received, as well as those at risk of aggression [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The gender issue is a generic reflection of the society itself, and disaster events are the demonstration of that.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disasters, Gender, and HIV Infection: The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

Llorente-Marrón

Gómez

Fernández

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Although disasters threaten all people who experience them, they do not affect all members of society in the same way. Its effects are not solely restricted to the economic sphere; they also affect the physical and mental health of those who suffer from them, having a particular impact on women and limiting their life chances. The aim of this study was to examine the impact the 2010 Haiti earthquake had on the seropositivity of female survivors. Method: Using data from the Demographic and Health Survey, this study examines the impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on gender relations associated with the probability of being HIV positive through the differences-in-differences strategy. Results: A differential of four percentage points is observed in the probability of HIV seropositivity between men and women, favoring men. Additionally, it is observed that the probability of seropositivity intensifies when the cohabitation household is headed by a woman. Conclusion: Disasters are not indifferent to the gender of the people affected. In the second decade of the 21st century, the conclusions obtained show, once again, the need for incorporating the gender perspective into the management of natural hazards in the field of health. This is the case of the differential exposure to HIV after the earthquake in Haiti.

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Hurricane impact associated with transactional sex and moderated, but not mediated, by economic factors in Okay, Haiti

Cited by 9 publications

References 48 publications

Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Women and Girls Living in Conflict and Natural Disaster-Affected Settings: A Systematic Review

Risk and Protective Factors for Violence Against Women and Girls Living in Conflict and Natural Disaster-Affected Settings: A Systematic Review

Proactive and reactive responses to pregnancies resulting from sexual exploitation and abuse: an ecological model based on Haitian survivors’ experiences

Disasters, Gender, and HIV Infection: The Impact of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

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