Hyalophysa lynni n. sp. (Ciliophora, Apostomatida), a new pathogenic ciliate and causative agent of shrimp black gill in penaeid shrimp

Landers, Stephen C.; Lee, Richard F.; Walters, Tina L.; Walker, Anna N.; Powell, Shirley; Patel, Meet; Frischer, Marc E.

doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125673

Cited by 12 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Hyalophysa lynii is a newly identified apostome ciliate parasitizing penaeid shrimp in the southeastern US [29]. The ciliate lives in the gills of the shrimp, initiating an immune response by the host that results in melanized nodules in shrimp gill tissue, resulting in the common name of the disease as shrimp black gill.…”

Section: Temperature-dependent Intensification Of Impacts On Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of climate change on parasites and disease in estuarine and nearshore environments

Byers

2020

PLoS Biol

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Information on parasites and disease in marine ecosystems lags behind terrestrial systems, increasing the challenge of predicting responses of marine host–parasite systems to climate change. However, here I examine several generalizable aspects and research priorities. First, I advocate that quantification and comparison of host and parasite thermal performance curves is a smart approach to improve predictions of temperature effects on disease. Marine invertebrate species are ectothermic and should be highly conducive to this approach given their generally short generation times. Second, in marine systems, shallow subtidal and intertidal areas will experience the biggest temperature swings and thus likely see the most changes to host–parasite dynamics. Third, for some responses like parasite intensity, as long as the lethal limit of the parasite is not crossed, on average, there may be a biological basis to expect temperature-dependent intensification of impacts on hosts. Fourth, because secondary mortality effects and indirect effects of parasites can be very important, we need to study temperature effects on host–parasite dynamics in a community context to truly know their bottom line effects. This includes examining climate-influenced effects of parasites on ecosystem engineers given their pivotal role in communities. Finally, other global change factors, especially hypoxia, salinity, and ocean acidity, covary with temperature change and need to be considered and evaluated when possible for their contributing effects on host–parasite systems. Climate change–disease interactions in nearshore marine environments are complex; however, generalities are possible and continued research, especially in the areas outlined here, will improve our understanding.

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Section: Temperature-dependent Intensification Of Impacts On Hostsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of climate change on parasites and disease in estuarine and nearshore environments

Byers

2020

PLoS Biol

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“…A search of this consensus sequence with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool suggested that it aligned most closely with the "uncultured ciliate clone" deposited online by Frischer et al (2017; GenBank accession number KX906567), with 99.9% identity. Subsequent to this analysis, Landers et al (2020) reported that this sequence was characteristic of a new species, H. lynni. Other closely related 18S sequences belonged to H. chattoni (99.4% identity; accession numbers EU503536 and EU503537) and H. lwoffi (97.7% identity; accession number EU503538).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Shrimp black gill was first observed in Georgia, which, along with South Carolina, is the center of abundance for recorded sBG prevalence along the U.S. East Coast (Gambill et al 2015;Frischer et al 2017;Fowler et al 2018). Recently, penaeid shrimp from the Gulf of Mexico, specifically from Mississippi and Louisiana, have been confirmed to have the same apostome ciliate (H. lynni) found in sBG-positive shrimp on the East Coast (Frischer et al 2017;Landers et al 2020). Sightings of shrimp with sBG symptoms by commercial fishermen and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) Coastal Fisheries staff (anecdotal) have occurred during the last decade, and recent evidence points to sBG being present in Galveston Bay, Texas (Sink and Silva 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among these threats, changing environmental parameters and anthropogenic activity could introduce or increase the prevalence of current or new pathogens and diseases within wild shrimp populations. Shrimp black gill (sBG) is an emerging disease induced by the parasitic ciliate Hyalophysa lynni that impacts commercial penaeid shrimp populations in the southeastern Atlantic; sBG may limit shrimp metabolic rate and increase mortality under stressful conditions, and there is evidence that sBG is present in shrimp along the Gulf Coast as well (Frischer et al 2017(Frischer et al , 2018Sink and Silvy 2017;Fowler et al 2018;Landers et al 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sBG ciliate that is the cause of current outbreaks in the southeast Atlantic is a newly described ciliate species, H. lynni, which is closely related to H. chattoni (Frischer et al 2018;Landers et al 2020). The ciliate is parasitic and imbeds in the gills during a variety of life stages to extract nutrients from the gill tissue (Landers et al 2020). The parasitic attack induces an immune response from the host shrimp in which melanin nodules are produced to encapsulate the ciliate and create cytotoxic quinones, killing the attacking ciliates (Aguirre-Guzman et al 2009;Charoensapsri et al 2014;Frischer et al 2017).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Black Gill (Hyalophysa lynni) in White Shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and Brown Shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus along the Texas Gulf Coast

Swinford

Anderson

2021

Mar Coast Fish

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Shrimp black gill is an emerging disease caused by a parasitic ciliate, Hyalophysa lynni, that attacks gill tissue in white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus and induces an immune response that produces melanized tissue in shrimp gills. This immune response causes necrosis and damage in shrimp gill tissue, which limits shrimp metabolic capability and can lead to high predation mortality among infected individuals. Shrimp black gill was first observed in the southeast Atlantic shrimp fishery in the United States, and this ciliate has been increasing in prevalence in shrimp populations of this region since 2000. The Gulf of Mexico, with its lucrative shrimp fishery and extended warmwater conditions during the year, is a potential region for H. lynni spread. White and brown shrimp were sampled from seven major bays along the Gulf coast of Texas from March to November 2019 and underwent PCR analysis to detect H. lynni presence in gill tissue. From March to November, 65% of the collected shrimp samples tested positive for H. lynni. Samples from all seven bays tested positive for H. lynni, with the upper-coast bays having a significantly higher disease prevalence than lower-coast bays. Both white and brown shrimp samples tested positive for H. lynni; however, white shrimp samples had a significantly higher disease prevalence. Overall, disease prevalence showed a temporal pattern of low prevalence in the spring, peaking during the late fall. Generalized additive mixed models detected a high water temperature and a salinity level of 30‰ or less as significant contributors to high disease prevalence. This study validates the commonality of H. lynni presence in the western Gulf of Mexico, serves as a baseline for future shrimp black gill sampling efforts in this region, and contributes to the understanding and management of potential disease threats to the Texas shrimp fishery.

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Penaeid Shrimp in Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth and Black Gill Disease Syndrome

et al. 2021

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Since 1991, the number of penaeid shrimp occurring in Virginia waters of Chesapeake Bay has steadily increased, prompting an interest in developing a fishery. Although development of a shrimp fishery in the Chesapeake Bay region could bring economic benefits, the fishery may be hampered by the presence of a disease syndrome known as shrimp black gill (sBG). The objectives of our study were to (1) describe the spatial distribution and abundance patterns of shrimp in Chesapeake Bay, (2) relate relative abundance of shrimp to habitat characteristics, and (3) determine the presence and seasonality of sBG to better understand disease dynamics in the region. Subadult penaeid shrimp were collected monthly from Virginia waters by trawl from 1991 to 2017, and individuals were identified to species and counted. White shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus were the most numerous species captured, followed by brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus and pink shrimp F. duorarum. Shrimp were captured primarily from July to December. White shrimp were the only species that exhibited visible signs of sBG, which was first observed in October 2016 (13.4% prevalence); the condition continued into November and recurred the following year. Shrimp with visible signs of gill disease were examined by microscopy, histology, and PCR assay and were diagnosed with infections of a histophagous apostome ciliate, presumably Hyalophysa lynni. Any impacts of sBG on shrimp survival or marketability should be considered in fishery management plans to ensure sustainability of the resource.

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Hyalophysa lynni n. sp. (Ciliophora, Apostomatida), a new pathogenic ciliate and causative agent of shrimp black gill in penaeid shrimp

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of climate change on parasites and disease in estuarine and nearshore environments

Effects of climate change on parasites and disease in estuarine and nearshore environments

Prevalence of Black Gill (Hyalophysa lynni) in White Shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and Brown Shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus along the Texas Gulf Coast

Penaeid Shrimp in Chesapeake Bay: Population Growth and Black Gill Disease Syndrome

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