Abstract:An experimental investigation on the mechanical performance of interlayer hybrid flax-basalt-glass woven fabrics reinforced epoxy composite laminates has been performed. The tensile, flexural, in-plane shear, interlaminar shear, bearing, and impact properties of the fabricated laminates were investigated. Test specimens were fabricated using vacuum bagging process. Failure modes of all specimens were recorded and discussed. Results proved that the mechanical properties of flax-basalt-glass hybrid laminates are… Show more
“…2 e. According to the data given by the supplier, curing conditions of Kemapoxy 150 RGL are 8 h initial setting time, 24 h final setting time, and 7 days’ full hardness time. Attia et al 61 and Awd Allah et al 62 adapted the above-mentioned curing conditions. The manufactured hybrid pipes were visually examined for material flaws and geometrical abnormalities after curing.…”
The effect of inducing circular holes into aluminum wrapped with glass/epoxy (Al/GFRP) pipes was investigated. Intact and holed specimens were evaluated in quasi-static axial compression after being constructed using the wet wrapping procedure. The effect of the induced holes' parameters i.e., hole diameter (d), number of holes (n), the hole position to specimen height ratio (L/H), on the crashworthiness of Al/GFRP structures was investigated. Results indicated that the existence of the cutouts visibly affects the values of crushing parameters. Increasing (d) remarkably reduces the total absorbed energy (U) and enhances the crushing force efficiency (CFE) of Al/GFRP pipes. Introducing two holes in two opposite faces with keeping their location constant reduces initial peak crush force $${(\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}})$$
(
F
ip
)
, mean crush force $${(\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{m}})$$
(
F
m
)
, and U of Al/GFRP pipes but increases CFE. As the hole location goes to the lower edge of the pipe i.e., L/H increases, U obviously increases. The specimens with 4 mm holes in one side at medium height and specimens with 12 mm holes on one side at L/H = 0.8 had the best crushing parameters, respectively. The adequate design of the induced cutouts in thin-walled constructions is valuable to enhance the crashworthy performance of engineering structures.
“…2 e. According to the data given by the supplier, curing conditions of Kemapoxy 150 RGL are 8 h initial setting time, 24 h final setting time, and 7 days’ full hardness time. Attia et al 61 and Awd Allah et al 62 adapted the above-mentioned curing conditions. The manufactured hybrid pipes were visually examined for material flaws and geometrical abnormalities after curing.…”
The effect of inducing circular holes into aluminum wrapped with glass/epoxy (Al/GFRP) pipes was investigated. Intact and holed specimens were evaluated in quasi-static axial compression after being constructed using the wet wrapping procedure. The effect of the induced holes' parameters i.e., hole diameter (d), number of holes (n), the hole position to specimen height ratio (L/H), on the crashworthiness of Al/GFRP structures was investigated. Results indicated that the existence of the cutouts visibly affects the values of crushing parameters. Increasing (d) remarkably reduces the total absorbed energy (U) and enhances the crushing force efficiency (CFE) of Al/GFRP pipes. Introducing two holes in two opposite faces with keeping their location constant reduces initial peak crush force $${(\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{ip}})$$
(
F
ip
)
, mean crush force $${(\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{m}})$$
(
F
m
)
, and U of Al/GFRP pipes but increases CFE. As the hole location goes to the lower edge of the pipe i.e., L/H increases, U obviously increases. The specimens with 4 mm holes in one side at medium height and specimens with 12 mm holes on one side at L/H = 0.8 had the best crushing parameters, respectively. The adequate design of the induced cutouts in thin-walled constructions is valuable to enhance the crashworthy performance of engineering structures.
“…Because untreated J-fiber has smooth surfaces, epoxy and untreated J-fiber have low interfacial compatibility. Attia et al 26 found that weak interaction causes a lot of gaps in the fiber-matrix interfaces.Figure 7.(a) Flexural strength, (b) modulus, and (c) strain of jute (J)-basalt (B)/epoxy composite laminates.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Table 1 displays the constituent materials’ characteristics. Many authors in the literature Ahmed and Vijayarangan, 43 Amuthakkannan et al, 53 Sanjay and Yogesha, 54 Attia et al, 26 and Gangappa and Kulkarni 48 used the as received (untreated) natural fibers without any treatment. Therefore, no surface treatment of any type, including washing, was applied to B-fiber and J-fiber used in this study.Figure 1.Surface images of (a) basalt, and (b) jute fabrics used in this study.…”
The utilization of lightweight construction is one of the keys to increase the fuel efficiency and reduce the environmental effect of automobiles. Natural fiber composites are replacing expensive synthetic fibers increasingly commonly in the automotive sector. To further lower the weight and price of the vehicle without losing rigidity and strength, basalt (B) fiber could be incorporated into jute (J) fiber composites. For the generation of hybrid composite laminates, woven textiles made of J-fiber and B-fiber were combined with an epoxy matrix. The primary mechanical features of the J-B/epoxy composite laminates, including tensile, bending, shear, and bearing characteristics, were investigated. Hand lay-up approach was used to prepare the hybrid composite laminates. The impact of the number of J-plies relative to the number of B-plies on the mechanical properties was explored. The findings proved that the basalt/epoxy composite has the maximum ultimate tensile strength, young’s modulus, toughness modulus, bending strength, bending modulus, in-plane shear strength, and bearing strength. Whereas the J/epoxy composite showed the maximum failure strain and bending strain. Hybridizing J-fiber with B-fiber improved the tensile, bending, in-plane shear, and bearing characteristics of the prepared composite. The maximum specific tensile, bending, in-plane shear, and bearing strengths are displayed by 3B-2 J-3B, followed by 2B-4 J-2B.
“…Tensile, flexural, and in‐plane shear tests were conducted at a crosshead speed of 2 mm/min, as per the corresponding ASTM test standards 50–52 . The details of the tests and the used equations can be found in reference 53–55.…”
This work experimentally investigates the quasi‐static crush response and energy absorption of glass‐reinforced epoxy thin‐walled crash box filled with nano‐aluminum oxide (Al2O3). The effect of the triggering (45 ° edge chamfering) and the weight percentage (wt%) of Al2O3 on the crushing performance have been studied. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were adapted to show the elemental composition of the fabricated samples' surfaces. To follow the fracture mechanism, visual inspection, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were performed. Two‐parameter Weibull distribution function was employed to statistically analyze the experimental results. Failure probability curves were established to help the designers in selecting the suitable material for energy‐absorbing applications. Results indicated that for untriggered glass/epoxy composite crash boxes, the inclusion of 1, 2, and 3 wt% of nano‐Al2O3 leads to an increase of, respectively, 16.34%, 48.46%, and 68.70% in the absorbed energy (U). While there is a decrease of 32.72% in (U) when adding 4 wt% of nano‐Al2O3. An enrichment of 9.00%, 18.04%, 31.53%, and 11.30% in crush force efficiency (CFE) was reached by the inclusion of, respectively, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% of nano‐Al2O3. Triggering has a considerable effect on the crashworthiness parameters of the fabricated composite crash boxes. A decrease of 6.56%, 10.11%, 4.01%, 4.76%, and 11.62% in the initial peak load (Pitalicip), an enrichment of 34.10%, 26.06%, 26.77%, 18.08%, and 28.97% in (CFE) and an improvement of 36.43%, 31.32%, 29.27%, 12.99%, and 52.47% in (U) were reported for composite crash boxes filled with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt% of nano‐Al2O3. It is obvious that glass/epoxy triggered composite crash boxes filled with 3 wt% of nano‐Al2O3 are appropriate to be used as energy absorbing device employed in vehicles due to their enhanced energy absorbing capabilities.
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