No relationship has been established between surface wettability and ice growth patterns, although ice often forms on top of solid surfaces. Here, we report experimental observations obtained using a process specially designed to avoid the influence of nucleation and describe the wettability-dependent ice morphology on solid surfaces under atmospheric conditions and the discovery of two growth modes of ice crystals: along-surface and off-surface growth modes. Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulation analysis, we show that these distinct ice growth phenomena are attributable to the presence (or absence) of bilayer ice on solid surfaces with different wettability; that is, the formation of bilayer ice on hydrophilic surface can dictate the along-surface growth mode due to the structural match between the bilayer hexagonal ice and the basal face of hexagonal ice (ice I h ), thereby promoting rapid growth of nonbasal faces along the hydrophilic surface. The dramatically different growth patterns of ice on solid surfaces are of crucial relevance to ice repellency surfaces.surface wettability | ice growth | ice crystal | antiicing | molecular dynamics simulation I ce crystals with rich morphologies are ubiquitous in nature, and understanding the ice formation mechanism on the molecular level has immense implications in diverse disciplines, such as atmospheric science, astrophysics, aerospace engineering, and food science (1-7). The natural patterns of ice crystals can be determined by the interplay between the external macroscopic forces and the microscopic interfacial behaviors (8, 9). The sixfold symmetry of snowflakes, for example, has reflected the transfer from the microscopic information to the macroscopic morphology (10,11). However, things can be completely different when a solid surface is exposed to a growing ice crystal because of the introduction of the asymmetrical external force at the microscopic level (12,13). Consequently, window frost, one of the unique sceneries of winter, usually exhibits almost infinite morphological variants. In particular, microscopic water structures have recently been studied on surfaces with various chemical composition and atom structures (e.g., metal, metal oxide, and mica) (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). However, a correlation between the microscopic water structures and the macroscopic patterns of ice crystals supported by solid surfaces has not been explored.
Ice Growth Patterns on Surfaces with Various WettabilitiesBy introducing nanoparticles with inherently low nucleation barriers to ice formation onto surfaces (18), here we report distinct ice growth patterns on surfaces with adjusting wettabilities through changing the fluorine content of the fluoroalkyl silane modified surface. Fig. 1A presents a schematic illustration of the experimental design. Silver iodide (AgI) nanoparticles were chosen as ice nucleation active sites (19,20) to allow ice nucleation to occur at the same time (and the same temperature) across the entire solid surface in the same experimental environm...