Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Membranes for Photocatalytic Water Remediation

Abstract

Mismanagement, pollution and excessive use have depleted the world’s water resources, producing a shortage that in some territories is extreme. In this context, the need for potable water prompts the development of new and more efficient wastewater treatment systems to overcome shortages by recovering and reusing contaminated water. Among the water treatment methods, membrane technology is considered one of the most promising. Besides, photocatalytic degradation has become an attractive and efficient technology for water and wastewater treatment. However, the use of unsupported catalysts has as its main impediment their separation from the water once treated. With this, providing the membranes with this photocatalyzed degradation capacity can improve the application of photocatalysts, since in many cases their application improves their recovery and reuse. This review describes the general photocatalytic processes of the main inorganic nanoparticles used as fillers in hybrid polymeric membranes. In addition, the most recent hybrid organic–inorganic membranes are reviewed. Finally, the membranes formed by metal–organic frameworks that can be considered one of the newest and most versatile developments are described.

Footsteps of graphene filled polymer nanocomposites towards efficient membranes—Present and future

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Bio-based hyperbranched epoxy resins: synthesis and recycling

“…[23][24][25] The bio-based polymer materials usually could be obtained in two ways, derived from biological sources such as microorganisms and plants, 26,27 or produced by synthetic chemistry from biological sources such as vegetable oils, fats, sugars, proteins, and amino acids. [28][29][30][31][32] Theoretically speaking, biomass is carbon neutral, which will not add net carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during its processing and transformation. [33][34][35] Furthermore, the use of biomass can also reduce the hazard and risk to human health.…”

A review on the applications of zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) photocatalyst for wastewater treatment

“…Lastly, composite-based nanomaterials are a combination of metal oxide-based, carbon-based, metal-based, and organic-based nanomaterials; they are known to have complicated structures like a metal-organic framework (Majhi and Yadav, 2021). The advantages of these materials include cheap and effective wastewater treatment (Gautam et al, 2020), quick and high-efficiency degradation of a wide range of organic pollutants, strong mechanical properties, and chemical stability (Mendes-Felipe et al, 2022). Furthermore, these materials exhibited fast oxidation with no polycyclic and sludge product formation.…”