“…Recently, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite (OHP) materials, because of their universal properties such as controllable bandgap, weak exciton binding energy, and high-carrier mobility, are attracting great attention for solar-cell and light-emitting diode applications ( D’Innocenzo et al, 2014 ; Frost et al, 2014 ; Frost and Walsh, 2016 ; Pedesseau, 2016 ; NR Venkatesan, 2018 ; Yi et al, 2019 ). Many researchers are focusing on their fundamental properties to explore possibilities of new applications such as laser, memory device, and terahertz (THz) detector ( ER Dohner, 2014 ; Kepenekian et al, 2015 ; Saba et al, 2016 ; Srimath Kandada and Petrozza, 2016 ; Lee et al, 2018 ; Sarritzu et al, 2018 ; Straus and Kagan, 2018 ; Grancini and Nazeeruddin, 2019 ; Obraztsov et al, 2021 ). In fact, the versatility of OHP contains very high possibility in novel device applications.…”