Hybrid Photonic–Plasmonic Bound States in Continuum for Enhanced Light Manipulation

Meudt, Maik; Bogiadzi, Chakan; Wrobel, Kevin; Görrn, Patrick

doi:10.1002/adom.202000898

Cited by 44 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…[26] The formation of embedded states in the radiation continuum employing the pure metallic gratings has been explored recently. [28,38,39] A metallic grating entrenched within a low index dielectric medium preserves both BIC and hybrid photonicplasmonic quasi-BIC modes. [28] Dielectric nanoparticles placed on a metal surface supports hybrid Eigen modes with diverging Q-factor and boosted field distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Optical Bound State in the Continuum in a Dielectric Grating Coupled Plasmonic Hybrid System

Joseph

Sarkar

Khan

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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the hybridized modes arising from the coupling of photonic and plasmonic resonances have been investigated widely. [7] The hybridized modes realized in diverse configurations using defect modes, [8] plasmonic nano-cavities, [9] Fabry-Perot metallic trench resonator, [10] etc., successfully demonstrate improved outcomes in terms of sensitivity, figure of merit, confinement, and lightmatter interaction. [11] Very recently, it has been noticed that the interaction of two different optical channels leads to the formation of a bound state in the continuum (BIC) and a resultant quasi-BIC hybrid mode. [12] The BIC is considered as a confined state in an open system with an infinite quality factor (Q-factor), which can extensively interact with the radiation channel. [13] Although the concept of BIC was proposed by von Neumann and Wigner in 1921, [14] the experimental observation of its existence is manifested only in the last decades. [15,16] Nevertheless, a true BIC is a mathematical perception that one can never achieve with either quantum or classical systems using physical parameters. [16] Fundamentally, the BICs can be of two kinds; the symmetry protected BIC (SP-BIC) [4,17,18] and the accidental BICs. [19] The SP-BICs are the inherent nature of a wave system; they are the discrete modes in the Brillouin zone near the gamma (Γ) point and are not allowed to interact with the free space radiation due to its symmetry incompatibilities. [17] Conversely, the accidental BICs are the consequence of the interference phenomena. For a system with two different resonance phenomena continuously changing with the parametric variation, at one particular set of parameters, there may occur an avoided crossing through which both the modes can interact and interfere destructively, resulting in the vanishing of one of the modes with an infinite quality factor. [19] Such an accidental vanishing of modes is explained by the Friedrich-Wintgen scenario. [20] The SP-BIC can be accessed by symmetry breaking structure [21] or by oblique illumination, resulting in the generation of resonant modes with a huge Q-factor called the quasi-BIC. [22] Although a true BIC mode is a dark mode with infinite lifetime and zero line width, in reality, the Q-factor of the BIC is finite because of restricted dimension, losses, and imperfection in the fabricated system. Thus, only the quasi-BICs with finite spectral width and Q-factor can be realized experimentally. The quasi-BIC has been explored for numerous applications including compact photonic chip for communication, [23] extreme narrowband transmission spectrum, [4] lasing, [24] The bound state in the continuum (BIC) explores the extraordinary optical properties of a system possessing wave characteristics that gained recent importance for practical applications, including lasing, sensing, optical tweezing, nonlinear interactions, and many more. Unlike a pure optical or plasmonic system, a hybrid architecture with coupled photonicplasmonic characteristics can offer the intermittent resonant modes for s...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Optical Bound State in the Continuum in a Dielectric Grating Coupled Plasmonic Hybrid System

Joseph

Sarkar

Khan

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Such a high sensitivity has stimulated an interest in using BICs for biosensing applications [ 112,113 ] and refractive index (RI) sensors. [ 114–116 ] One of the advantages of BIC‐based sensor systems is the potential to be directly excited with external light sources without the need for special coupling mechanisms. This feature puts BIC‐based sensors ahead of conventional ones that suffer from coupling loss and a lower volume of light–matter interaction.…”

Section: Applications Of Bics In Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybrid BICs that form due to the coupling of plasmonic and photonic modes might enable a superior performance to those in all‐dielectric systems. [ 116 ] In a hybrid waveguide that supports propagating photonic modes and plasmonic modes, an avoided crossing indicating the strong coupling of the photonic and plasmonic modes is observed. A hybrid BIC is formed where the radiation loss is suppressed due to the destructive interference between the plasmonic and a photonic modes.…”

Section: Applications Of Bics In Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The recent study suggests that hybrid BICs may be superior to those in all‐dielectric systems in sensing applications. [ 116 ] An order of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity was observed for hybrid BICs compared to purely dielectric BICs. In addition to high‐Q factors at the BIC points, hybrid BICs enjoy strong field confinement due to the system's plasmonic component.…”

Section: Applications Of Bics In Photonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photonic Bound States in the Continuum: From Basics to Applications

Azzam

Kildishev

2020

Advanced Optical Materials

363

141

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In theory, BICs are dark states with infinite radiative lifetime and generally require at least one dimension of the structure extending to infinity. [6] Similar conditions can also be obtained in localized systems of finite extent when the permittivity approaches zero. [5,11] However, in practice, due to the finite extent of structures, material absorption, and other external perturbations, BICs collapse to a Fano resonance with a limited radiative Q factor. Such resonances are known as quasi-BIC and they have been used to obtain very high Q resonances in numerous photonic systems to date. [6,8,12] Even though practical implementations of BICs are limited to quasi-BIC, in the literature, as well as in this review, quasi-BIC are commonly referred to as BICs. Another type of high-Q resonances called near-BIC is obtained in the vicinity of the BIC through detuning the system from the BIC regime. [9,13,14] Near-BICs can be explained by the Theory of Resonance Reactions by Fonda [13,14] as a bound state can exist in the continuum at an energy where some channels are open even when the open and closed channels are strongly coupled. If the Hamiltonian of the system differs slightly from the one that can produce such a bound state, a sharp resonance appears in all scattering and reaction cross-sections. Near-BIC resonances can be obtained over an interval of values of a specific parameter of the system, unlike BICs that are generally achieved at a single value of the parameter. [9,15] This is of importance for practical systems as it provides stability to fabrication errors and other imperfections. [12] It is also worth mentioning that the total Q factor (Q t) realizable through BICs is generally limited by the material loss. While the radiative Q-factor (Q r) at BICs can diverge, the non-radiative Q-factor (Q nr) is limited by material absorption and its inhomogeneous broadening, scattering from the structural disorder, and in-plane lateral leakage. It is therefore, important to have an accurate distinction between Q r and Q nr and account for non-radiative processes as generally the main contributors to the total Q." 1.2. BIC Types and Formation Mechanisms Since the time of initial prediction of BICs in photonics, they have been realized in numerous geometrical systems, including gratings, waveguides, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals. [4,7,9,16-24] Such a broad diversity of photonic systems supports different types of BICs that originate from various physical mechanisms. We will briefly highlight the different The introduction of bound states in the continuum (BICs) to photonics has revolutionized the way cavity design and light-matter interactions are thought about in general. BICs can have very high quality factors, even in open structures where access to radiation is permissible. Now, BICs found applications in a large class of areas, including nonlinear enhancement, coherent light generation, sensors, filters, integrated circuits, and many others. In this review, the different types of BICs in photonic systems,...

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“…Meanwhile NIL has entered a much broader field of applications and is most often used for patterning the surface of polymeric substrates and foils. Surface structures may provide a specific wetting/de-wetting behavior for liquid phases [ 4 ]; surface structures also have a wide range of applications in optics, e.g., as gratings and anti-reflective, wave-guiding, or feedback structures [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. In these cases, nanoimprint often does not involve thin layers on a hard substrate, and is therefore similar to hot embossing [ 8 ], a technique matured in the field of MEMS (micro-electro mechanical systems).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guiding Chart for Initial Layer Choice with Nanoimprint Lithography

Mayer

Scheer

2021

Nanomaterials

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When nanoimprint serves as a lithography process, it is most attractive for the ability to overcome the typical residual layer remaining without the need for etching. Then, ‘partial cavity filling’ is an efficient strategy to provide a negligible residual layer. However, this strategy requires an adequate choice of the initial layer thickness to work without defects. To promote the application of this strategy we provide a ‘guiding chart’ for initial layer choice. Due to volume conservation of the imprint polymer this guiding chart has to consider the geometric parameters of the stamp, where the polymer fills the cavities only up to a certain height, building a meniscus at its top. Furthermore, defects that may develop during the imprint due to some instability of the polymer within the cavity have to be avoided; with nanoimprint, the main instabilities are caused by van der Waals forces, temperature gradients, and electrostatic fields. Moreover, practical aspects such as a minimum polymer height required for a subsequent etching of the substrate come into play. With periodic stamp structures the guiding chart provided will indicate a window for defect-free processing considering all these limitations. As some of the relevant factors are system-specific, the user has to construct his own guiding chart in praxis, tailor-made to his particular imprint situation. To facilitate this task, all theoretical results required are presented in a graphical form, so that the quantities required can simply be read from these graphs. By means of examples, the implications of the guiding chart with respect to the choice of the initial layer are discussed with typical imprint scenarios, nanoimprint at room temperature, at elevated temperature, and under electrostatic forces. With periodic structures, the guiding chart represents a powerful and straightforward tool to avoid defects in praxis, without in-depth knowledge of the underlying physics.

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Hybrid Photonic–Plasmonic Bound States in Continuum for Enhanced Light Manipulation

Cited by 44 publications

References 49 publications

Exploring the Optical Bound State in the Continuum in a Dielectric Grating Coupled Plasmonic Hybrid System

Exploring the Optical Bound State in the Continuum in a Dielectric Grating Coupled Plasmonic Hybrid System

Photonic Bound States in the Continuum: From Basics to Applications

Guiding Chart for Initial Layer Choice with Nanoimprint Lithography

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