Hybrid Power-Sharing in Indonesia

Abstract

The aim of this study is to demonstrate the validity of the thesis that in Indonesia one can find institutions that characterize two power-sharing models which are considered opposites of one another in political theory – centripetalism and consociationalism. In consequence, the Indonesian power-sharing system should be viewed as a hybrid, or mixed, system, and not a typically centripetal system as is usually the case in the literature. At the beginning of this article, a short analysis of Indonesia's political situation is given for the purpose of defining the factors which determined the introduction of inter-segmental power-sharing solutions in that country. This is followed by a description of the specificity of consociationalism and centripetalism. The article goes on to discuss specific institutions of both power-sharing models which exist in Indonesia and ends with some concluding remarks on the thesis advanced at the outset.

Cross-Ethnic Voting: An Index of Centripetal Electoral Systems

“…Its institutional architecture features a plethora of democratically elected offices at the national and subnational level which vary in details but adhere to an overarching pan-ethnic, cross-voting stratagem designed to promote a national, pan-ethnic identity across the vast Indonesian archipelago stretching over 3,000 miles and 17,000 islands. While aspects of Indonesian democracy such as the ongoing presence of religious parties and proportional voting are closer to the consociational model, many of Indonesia's electoral institutions are explicitly centripetal (Trzciński 2017). These include an executive president both nominated and elected on an explicitly aggregative basis; cross-national organizational requirements for political parties which make most locally based parties unviable; a territorial structure which proliferates and in some cases divides potential ethnic powerbases; and semi-majority run-off electoral laws for regional governors.…”

“…Cases of Strong Centripetalism Example Dimension'National party' schemes, combined with cross-party presidential nominations and geographic distribution requirements plus run-off for presidential elections, as in Indonesia(Aspinall 2011;Trzciński 2017) …”

Renewable and non‐renewable energy resources of Pakistan and their applicability under the current scenario in Pakistan

“…Installed geothermal electric capacity of different countries (Statistics, 2013; Trzciński, 2017). [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”