“…For sensor and networking layers, the rise of mobile technology advancements [12][13][14][15] (e.g., wireless sensor networking, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, smart mobile device, and Long Term Evolution (LTE)) has led to a new wave of machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human (M2H), human-to-human (H2H), and human-to-machine (H2M) communications [16][17][18][19][20]. For the application layer, several IoT applications, which include energy [21,22], enterprise [23,24], healthcare [25,26], public services [27,28], residency [29,30], retail [31,32], and transportation [33,34], have been designed and implemented to detect environmental changes and send instant updates to a cloud computing server farm via mobile communications and middleware for big geo-data analyzes [35,36]. For instance, on-board units in cars can instantly detect and share information about the geolocation of the car, speed, following distance, and gaps with other neighboring cars [37][38][39][40].…”