Hydrate Inhibition During Drilling and Production

Rogers, Rudy

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802319-8.00005-x

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Therefore, KHIs and AAs classified as LDHIs, typically effective at 0.5–2 vol %, are of significant interest. ,− KHIs are used to delay hydrate nucleation and growth times by affecting the hydrogen-bonding network of water . Conversely, AAs work by preventing hydrate particle agglomeration, managing hydrate formation risks, and extending the lifespan of the production assets. − The prevention of hydrate particles from agglomeration not only affects flow assurance in oil and gas fields but also other technological applications, such as energy storage (natural gas and hydrogen), gas separation, desalination, and so forth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Effects of Gas Hydrate Antiagglomerant Molecules on Interfacial Interparticle Force Interactions

Monteiro

et al. 2021

Langmuir

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Gas hydrate interparticle cohesive forces are important to determine the hydrate crystal particle agglomeration behavior and subsequent hydrate slurry transport that is critical to preventing potentially catastrophic consequences of subsea oil/gas pipeline blockages. A unique high-pressure micromechanical force apparatus has been employed to investigate the effect of the molecular structure of industrially relevant hydrate antiagglomerant (AA) inhibitors on gas hydrate crystal interparticle interactions. Four AA molecules with known detailed structures [quaternary ammonium salts with two long tails (R1) and one short tail (R2)] in which the R1 has 12 carbon (C12) and 8 carbon (C8) and saturated (C–C) versus unsaturated (CC) bonding are used in this work to investigate their interfacial activity to suppress hydrate crystal interparticle interactions in the presence of two liquid hydrocarbons (n-dodecane and n-heptane). All AAs were able to reduce the interparticle cohesive force from the baseline (23.5 ± 2.5 mN m–1), but AA-C12 shows superior performance in both liquid hydrocarbons compared to the other AAs. The interfacial measurements indicate that the AA with an R1 longer alkyl chain length can provide a denser barrier, and the AA molecules may have higher packing density when the AA R1 alkyl tail length is comparable to that of the liquid hydrocarbon chain on the gas hydrate crystal surface. Increasing the salinity can promote the effectiveness of an AA molecule and can also eliminate the effect of longer particle contact times, which typically increases the interparticle cohesive force. This work reports the first experimental investigation of high-performance known molecular structure AAs under industrially relevant conditions, showing that these molecules can reduce the interfacial tension and increase the gas hydrate–water contact angle, thereby minimizing the gas hydrate interparticle interactions. The structure–performance relation reported in this work can be used to help in the design of improved AA inhibitor molecules that will be critical to industrial hydrate crystal slurry transport.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Effects of Gas Hydrate Antiagglomerant Molecules on Interfacial Interparticle Force Interactions

Monteiro

et al. 2021

Langmuir

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“…Even so, there was a significant association between increased depth and clam beds, despite the narrow range of depths encountered (~6 m). This relationship between clam distribution and local lows on a soft-sediment seabed may reflect hydrogeological processes, including methane escape and sediment instabilities (Rogers, 2015). This relationship was not consistently observed at the Blake Ridge "Main" seep site (Wagner et al, 2013).…”

Section: Morphotype Distributions and Associationsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Seascape ecology in the vicinity of a Blake Ridge cold seep

Johnson,

Taylor,

Socha

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Systematic surveys of the distribution of epibenthic megafaunal species relative to one another and to environmental variables in the deep sea can lead to inferences and testable hypotheses regarding factors that influence their distributions. Here we use a seascape approach to provide insight into the character and spatial extent of the influence of a chemosynthetic seep on the distribution of epibenthic megafauna and the nature of transition zones (ecotones). Faunal distributions were determined from georeferenced images of the seabed collected during a systematic survey (~ 400 m x 400 m) by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Sentry in the vicinity of a newly discovered methane bubble plume on the Blake Ridge Diapir. The survey area was found to include both seep and non-seep habitats. The sphere of influence of seep productivity on the surrounding benthic megafaunal assemblage was limited—on the order of 10’s of meters—based on ecotone analysis. Small but detectable redox anomalies in the water column (5 m above bottom) in the study area occurred on a similar horizontal scale. Distributions of background megafaunal taxa were non-random for many morphotypes and included both positive and negative associations between morphotypes and the seep habitat. Subtle variations in depth (<6 m) correlated with distributions of seep-associated vesicomyid clams, which occupy shallow depressions in the seabed. The seep habitat itself, comprising a patchy mosaic of megafaunal sub-communities (e.g., clam bed, mussel bed, background soft-sediment bathyal taxa) and transition zones, was at least as diverse as the surrounding non-seep habitat and contributes seep endemic morphotypes to regional biodiversity. While seep productivity may support prey fields for deep-diving beaked whales, any relationship between the seeps and whale feeding areas remains intriguing speculation. Like many other regions of the deep sea, Blake Ridge South has accumulated marine litter, including litter likely originating from scientific endeavors. The suite of observations and analyses deployed here underscore the importance of seep habitats in enriching regional biodiversity, provide a glimpse of the non-random complexity of species distributions from a seascape perspective, and establish ecological baselines against which future studies may measure natural and anthropogenic changes in the seascape.

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“…Therefore, researchers are interested in using KHIs, which are water-soluble polymers and require significantly less concentration than THIs to show hydrate suppression . Moreover, they also do not shift the hydrate–liquid–vapor equilibrium (HLVE) curve …”

Section: Drilling Fluids For Gas Hydrate Wellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…203 Moreover, they also do not shift the hydrate−liquid−vapor equilibrium (HLVE) curve. 204 In major drilling expeditions, water-based drilling fluid (WBM), generally seawater, was preferred as a result of its economic feasibility at a shallower depth. 205 The induction time for hydrate formation in oil-based mud (OBM) is lower than that in WBM because gas readily dissolves in oil than water.…”

Section: Drilling Fluids For Gas Hydrate Wellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review on Exploration and Drilling Techniques for Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoirs

2020

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With the depletion of conventional oil reservoirs and concerns about the increasing carbon footprint of coal, natural gas is poised to play a much bigger role in sustainable economic growth. Gas hydrates being an abundant source of clean methane have created great interest among academia and industry. Its demographic occurrence in shallow depths has motivated industry and academia to explore its abundance and exploitation potential. Despite being shallow, offshore gas hydrate exploration and drilling is a deepwater endeavor, which was considered expensive and risky as a result of its narrow thermodynamic stability and lack of exploitation experience. However, with recent advancement in technology and long-term field trials, it has been universally accepted that methane production from marine hydrate reservoirs is achievable with innovative drilling techniques and proper well design pertaining to the appropriate location and layout of wells, efficient well orientation, competent casing and tubing design, and completion design requirements for long operating life and reliability of the well. Much has been discussed about exploration and production, but very little has been addressed about the drilling technologies that have the potential for safe and effective exploitation of this resource in commercial quantities. The objective of this review is to enlighten the readers with exploration techniques used to locate gas hydrate reservoirs and discuss drilling tools and techniques that have the potential to avoid premature hydrate dissociation around the wellbore and enhance production life of the well with minimum interventions. The techniques discussed are mostly the learnings from the international drilling projects on different types of gas hydrate reservoirs. This review also focuses on different drilling fluids, pressurized coring systems, and well logs suitable for hydrate reservoirs. We believe that this review will provide a scientific reference material to engineers for safe exploration and drilling and stimulate upcoming exploration and drilling activities in the field of gas hydrates.

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Hydrate Inhibition During Drilling and Production

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Structural Effects of Gas Hydrate Antiagglomerant Molecules on Interfacial Interparticle Force Interactions

Structural Effects of Gas Hydrate Antiagglomerant Molecules on Interfacial Interparticle Force Interactions

Seascape ecology in the vicinity of a Blake Ridge cold seep

Comprehensive Review on Exploration and Drilling Techniques for Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoirs

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