Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of an Unbound Granular Base Course Material Used in Low Traffic Pavements

Jing, Peng; Chazallon, Cyrille

doi:10.3390/ma13040852

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…It is unreasonable to analyze the performance of UGM with specific water content. Previous findings have shown that water content and different structure types had significant influence on the bearing capacity of UGM, especially around the optimum moisture content [20,21]. Most results indicated the importance of moisture content on the properties of UGM [22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Experimental Investigation of Water-Retaining and Mechanical Behaviors of Unbound Granular Materials under Infiltration

Tian

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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Unbound granular materials (UGM) in permeable pavement will experience large numbers of infiltration during their service-life. The frequently changed moisture not only affects the cooling effect of permeable pavement, but also influences the mechanical behaviors of UGM. However, evidence is lacking to state the influence of infiltration on the behaviors of UGM, which is commonly in fully permeable pavement. Considering the influence of infiltration, this study conducted experimental tests to investigate the effect on the water-retaining and bearing capacity of UGM. With the water-retaining tests, the water-retaining rate in the whole structure and at different depths was analyzed under different infiltration numbers and duration. The results showed that the water-retaining rate increased with the extension of the infiltration duration. The infiltration duration had a significant influence on the water-retaining capacity of UGM, while the infiltration number had little. The difference in the water-retaining rate between the top and bottom layers was up to 2.56%. The water-retaining capacity of the integrated structure was hardly affected due to the dissimilarity of the water-retaining rate at different depths. With infiltrations, the fine aggregate in the upside structure migrated downward to the lower structure, resulting in a reduction in water-retaining rate in the upper structure and an increase at the bottom. In addition, the mechanical behaviors were evaluated by the traditional California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and repeated CBR tests under five infiltrations. The first and second infiltration had a significant influence on the CBR of UGM. With two infiltrations, the plastic strain increased by 57.8% via the repeated CBR tests. The resilient strain had an increase by 36.52% and the equivalent modulus decreased by 28.7% with the first infiltration. The first infiltration presented a critical influence on the bearing capacity of UGM and the effect decreased with the increase in the infiltration number. These findings will enrich the behaviors investigation of UGM and promote its application in the fully permeable pavement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Experimental Investigation of Water-Retaining and Mechanical Behaviors of Unbound Granular Materials under Infiltration

Tian

et al. 2022

Sustainability

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“…An analysis of permanent deformations of the base course of pavements and their dependence on the proportion of accessors in the stone mixture had been carried out [34]. Žlender and Trauner [35] presented the use of the electro-filter granular (EFG) for the base course of pavements. Different types of EFG specimens were studied, first without reinforcement and then with one, three, and five reinforcements.…”

Section: The Performance Of Asphalt and Unbound Layers Containing Was...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of Using Waste Materials in Flexible Pavement Structures Identified by Optimization Design Approach

Jelušič,

Gücek,

Žlender

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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This paper presents the design of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavements and their modification by incorporating waste materials into bonded and unbonded layers of the pavement structure. The optimal design of flexible pavements was achieved by minimizing the construction cost of the pavement. The incorporation of waste materials into the pavement structure affects the material properties. Therefore, along with the traffic load, the effects of the material properties of the asphalt concrete, base layer, sub-base layer, and subgrade were analyzed in terms of pavement structure costs and CO2 emissions of materials used in pavement construction. In addition, a comparison was made between pavements with and without geosynthetic reinforcement in terms of design, optimum construction cost, and CO2 emissions. The use of geosynthetics is even more effective in pavement structures that contain waste materials in an unbound layer, both in terms of cost and CO2 emissions. The minimum value of the California Bearing Ratio of the subgrade was determined at which the use of geosynthetic reinforcement for pavement structure with and without the inclusion of waste materials is economically and sustainably justified. The use of geosynthetics could result in a 15% reduction in pavement structure cost and a 9% reduction in CO2 emissions due to the reduced thickness of unbound layers. In addition, reducing the CBR of the unbound layer from 100% to 30% due to the inclusion of waste materials implies a cost increase of up to 13%. While the present study is based on an empirical pavement design method in which pavement thickness is limited by the pavement thickness index, the same minimum thicknesses are obtained in the optimization process regardless of whether the objective function is the minimum construction cost or minimum CO2 emissions.

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“…Consistent research interests are observed that investigate correlations between inputs during the design of the unbound materials and pavement performance. To this end, the use of finite element method (FEM) tools is an efficient approach to investigate pavement responses' sensitivity with respect to variations in several geometric or material parameters that affect pavement design [10,22,23]. Considering that during a pavement's construction process, deviations between the design and the as-built values of either the pavement's geometric or material properties frequently occur, leading to additional short-term or long-term costs for the road agencies, it always remains challenging to access efficient tools to accurately predict the impact that such deviations may potentially have on future pavement responses.…”

Section: Introduction 1overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pavement Analysis with the Consideration of Unbound Granular Material Nonlinearity

Gkyrtis

2023

Designs

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Accurate pavement design and evaluation requires the execution of response analysis. Pavement materials’ behavior does not necessarily conform to the assumptions of the multi-linear elastic theory usually adopted during pavement analysis. In particular, the unbound granular materials located in the base and sub-base layers behave in a nonlinear elastic manner, which can be captured through advanced constitutive modeling of their resilient modulus. The finite element method enables us to code constitutive models and quantify potential variations in pavement responses because of different mechanistic assumptions. In this study, variations in response are investigated for a typical structure of a flexible pavement considering the nonlinear anisotropic behavior of the unbound materials together with their initial stress–strain state. To demonstrate the impact of their behavior on the outcome of pavement analysis, variable asphalt concrete layer thicknesses and moduli are assumed, such that they cover a large spectrum of roadways. It was found that pavement responses can be calculated up to 3.5 times higher than those retrieved from the conventional linear analysis. This comparison means that the alterative mechanistic modeling of the unbound granular materials can be proved to be more conservative (i.e., leading to higher strains) in terms of pavement design and analysis. From a practical perspective, this study alerts pavement scientists and engineers engaged in pavement design to a more reliable performance prediction, which is needed to bridge the gap between advanced modeling and routine analysis.

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Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of an Unbound Granular Base Course Material Used in Low Traffic Pavements

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

Experimental Investigation of Water-Retaining and Mechanical Behaviors of Unbound Granular Materials under Infiltration

Experimental Investigation of Water-Retaining and Mechanical Behaviors of Unbound Granular Materials under Infiltration

Potential of Using Waste Materials in Flexible Pavement Structures Identified by Optimization Design Approach

Pavement Analysis with the Consideration of Unbound Granular Material Nonlinearity

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