Hydrocracking of Calophyllum inophyllum Oil Employing Co and/or Mo Supported on γ-Al2O3 for Biofuel Production

Abstract

Cobalt and/or Molybdenum based catalysts were simply dispersed on γ-Al2O3 through wet impregnation. The set of prepared monometallic and bimetallic catalysts of aCoO/γ-Al2O3, aMoO/γ-Al2O3, aCoOaMoO/γ-Al2O3, and bCoObMoO/γ-Al2O3 were investigated and evaluated in the hydrocracking of Calophyllum inophyllum (CIO) which is not a food crop as well as rich in unsaturated fatty acid that potential to be converted into biofuel. Out of the prepared catalysts, aCoOaMoO/γ-Al2O3 with total metal content, acidity, and specific surface area of 13.62 wt%, 5.01 mmol.g-1, and 107.67 m2.g-1, respectively, showed the best catalytic performance. The high metal loading of aCoOaMoO/γ-Al2O3 is favorable by producing 65.56 wt% liquid fraction through carbocation formation mechanism. It was selective to produce 8.61 wt% gasoline and 5.01 wt% diesel. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

Improved Brønsted to Lewis (B/L) Ratio of Co- and Mo-Impregnated ZSM-5 Catalysts for Palm Oil Conversion to Hydrocarbon-Rich Biofuels

“…Wang et al [17] reported that the highest diffraction peak of α-MoO3 appears at 2θ = 27.36°; meanwhile, Sen et al [18] reported that it appears at 2θ = 27.32°. Moreover, new peaks appear at 2θ = 26.5, 27.3, 28.2, 32.2, and 33.8° in the Co-Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst, corresponding to β-CoMoO4 (JCPDS-21-0868) [20][21][22][23]. Based on this analysis, it can be deduced that the metals have been impregnated with the ZSM-5 catalyst due to the appearance of the peaks corresponding to the impregnated metals.…”

“…On the other hand, the peak at 2θ = 27.6 • in ZSM-5 is sharpened/heightened and shifted to 27.4 • due to the presence of the highest corresponding peak of α-MoO 3 . Wang et al [17] reported that the highest diffraction peak of α-MoO 3 appears at 2θ = 27.36 • ; meanwhile, Sen et al [18] reported that it appears at 2θ = 27.32 [20][21][22][23]. Based on this analysis, it can be deduced that the metals have been impregnated with the ZSM-5 catalyst due to the appearance of the peaks corresponding to the impregnated metals.…”

Conversion of Nyamplung Oil into Green Diesel through Catalytic Deoxygenation using NiAg/ZH Catalyst

“…The yield of gasoline and gasoil (C12-20) is increasing with increasing reaction time and reaching optimum within 2 hours. Trisunaryanti et al (2020), using the hydrocracking method (HDO) with a CoOMoO/γ-Al 2 O 3 catalyst (at 550 °C for 2 hours), produced a liquid reaction of 65.56%, gasoline selectivity at 8.61%, and diesel at 5.01%. Prasetyo et al (2018), using the hydrodeoxygenation method with a NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst at a temperature of 400 °C for 3 hours, resulted in a yield of C16-20 of 15.07%.…”

“…One raw material that can be converted into green diesel is nyamplung oil (Trisunaryanti et al, 2020). This oil is extracted from nyamplung fruit seeds, where the oil content is quite high, around 40-73% (Atabani & César, 2014).…”

“…Various types of catalysts have been used in the conversion of nyamplung oil into biofuels, such as CoMo with SiO2 and γ-Al2O3 supports (Rasyid et al, 2015), CoMo/γ-Al2O3 oxides (Trisunaryanti et al, 2020) and NiMo/γ-Al2O3 (Prasetyo et al, 2018;Febriyanti et al, 2020). In general, the catalysts used are transitional metal groups that have been proven to have the best catalytic activity due to the presence of unfilled d orbitals that can increase the acidity of the catalyst.…”