“…[1][2][3] Further, the delamination can be susceptible to low-velocity impact, which can occur during in-service environments such as tool drops, bird strike, service vehicle collisions, hail, lightning strike, and runway debris. [4][5][6] When subjected to external loads and stress concentration in composite structures, which could be induced in the main characteristic of failure modes can be in the form of inter-laminar damages such as matrix-cracking, interfacial deboning, fiberbreakage, and delamination, usually named barely visible impact damage (BVID) based on their inherent non-homogenous and anisotropic material properties (e.g., projectiles and impact energy levels). [7][8][9] Moreover, when propagating the crack tips of BVID at the around fiber, damage initiation can result in further damage related to delamination and degradation of their mechanical properties related to stiffness and compressive strengths.…”