Catalytic pathways for acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and hydrogen (H 2) reactions on dispersed Ru clusters in the aqueous medium and the associated kinetic requirements for CO and CC bond cleavages and hydrogen insertions are established from rate and isotopic assessments. CH 3 COOH reacts with H 2 in steps that either retain its carbon backbone and lead to ethanol, ethyl acetate, and ethane (47-95 %, 1-23 %, and 2-17 % carbon selectivities, respectively) or break its CC bond and form methane (1-43 % carbon selectivities) at moderate temperatures (413-523 K) and H 2 pressures (10-60 bar, 298 K). Initial CH 3 COOH activation is the kinetically relevant step, during which CH 3 C(O)-OH bond cleaves on a metal site pair at Ru cluster surfaces nearly saturated with adsorbed hydroxyl (OH*) and acetate (CH 3 COO*) intermediates, forming an adsorbed acetyl (CH 3 CO*) and hydroxyl (OH*) species. Acetic acid turnover rates increase proportionally with both H 2 (10-60 bar) and CH 3 COOH concentrations at low CH 3 COOH concentrations (<0.83 M), but decrease from first to zero order as the CH 3 COOH concentration and the CH 3 COO* coverages increase and the vacant Ru sites concomitantly decrease. Beyond the initial CH 3 C(O)-OH bond activation, sequential H-insertions on the surface acetyl species (CH 3 CO*) lead to C 2 products and their derivative (ethanol, ethane, and ethyl acetate) while the competitive CC bond cleavage of CH 3 CO* causes the eventual methane formation. The instantaneous carbon selectivities towards C 2 species (ethanol, ethane, and ethyl acetate) increase linearly with the concentration of proton-type H δ+ (derived from carboxylic acid dissociation) and chemisorbed H*. The selectivities towards C 2 products decrease with increasing temperature, because of higher observed barriers for CC bond cleavage than H-insertion. This study offers an interpretation of mechanism and energetics and provides kinetic evidence of carboxylic acid assisted proton-type hydrogen (H δ+) shuffling during H-insertion steps in the aqueous phase, unlike those in the vapor phase, during the hydrogenation of acetic acid on Ru clusters.