Hydrogen Cyanide Produced from Coal and Ammonia

Johnson, G.E.; Decker, William A.; Forney, A.J.; Field, J.H.

doi:10.1021/i260025a027

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…In addition, the high temperature also results in a long time for feed gas heating and product cooling. Generally, about 60% HCN yield and 60–70% NH 3 utilization can be achieved by the Andrussow process. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This BMA process is also called Degussa process, as it was first exploited by Degussa company in Wesseling. , In industrial BMA plants, the Pt mesh catalyst is usually placed in parallel columnar reactors. The equilibrium conversion, selectivity, and yield as a function of temperature, obtained through thermodynamic calculation, are plotted in Figure S1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The BMA process for HCN synthesis is typically operated at a temperature of ∼1600 K to balance the HCN yield and cost. On the one hand, the HCN yield increases with reaction temperature; on the other hand, the high reaction temperature also causes a higher investment of equipment and energy consumption and waste of feed gas; indeed, a great amount of NH 3 and CH 4 is decomposed into N 2 and coke, respectively. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H₂ at Reduced Temperature

Wang

Jafarzadeh

et al. 2021

ACS Catal.

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Industrial production of HCN from NH 3 and CH 4 not only uses precious Pt or Pt−Rh catalysts but also requires extremely high temperatures (∼1600 K). From an energetic, operational, and safety perspective, a drastic decrease in temperature is highly desirable. Here, we report ammonia reforming of methane for the production of HCN and H 2 at 673 K by the combination of CH 4 /NH 3 plasma and a supported Cu/silicalite-1 catalyst. 30% CH 4 conversion has been achieved with 79% HCN selectivity. Catalyst characterization and plasma diagnostics reveal that the excellent reaction performance is attributed to metallic Cu active sites. In addition, we propose a possible reaction pathway, viz. E-R reactions with N, NH, NH 2 , and CH radicals produced in the plasma, for the production of HCN, based on density functional theory calculations. Importantly, the Cu/silicalite-1 catalyst costs less than 5% of the commercial Pt mesh catalyst.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H₂ at Reduced Temperature

Wang

Jafarzadeh

et al. 2021

ACS Catal.

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“…Currently, the commercial processes for activation and transformation of methane rely heavily on the catalysts supported with transition metals. For example, Pt and the Pt–Rh alloy serve as catalysts for conversion of methane into HCN via the Andrussow or Degussa process, , whereas Ni-based catalysts are preferred for steam reforming of methane to syngas (CO + H 2 ) . These industrial processes necessarily perform at extremely high temperatures (>1000 °C) toward desirable product yield.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size-Dependent Reactivity of Rhodium Cluster Anions toward Methane

et al. 2019

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Metals are important industrial catalysts for activation and transformation of methane. Investigations on the reactivity evolution of metal particles along size change to determine the critical size at which the metal can exhibit excellent reactivity are helpful for design of efficient metal-based catalysts. Herein, the rhodium cluster anions Rh n – with n = 1–10 have been generated by the laser ablation method and a quadrupole mass filter has been used to mass-select cluster ions with a specific size for reacting with methane in an ion trap reactor under thermal collision conditions. The reactant and product ions have been detected by using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. While the clusters of Rh2–6 – can react with a single methane molecule, giving rise to Rh n CH2 – ions, the dehydrogenation product is absent for the reaction systems of Rh1,7–10 – unless two or three CH4 molecules are coadsorbed. Reaction kinetics analysis demonstrates that although apparent oscillation of reaction rates appears across different sizes, the reactivity of Rh3 – and Rh4 – clusters is substantially higher than the smaller and larger ones by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude. The mechanistic aspects for the size-dependent reactivity of Rh n – have been discussed on the basis of quantum chemistry calculations.

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“…The high temperature of reaction also results in long feed gas heating and product cooling times. Generally, about 60% HCN yield and 60–70% NH 3 utilization can be achieved by the Andrussow process. − The BMA process, , the reaction of CH 4 and NH 3 at atmospheric pressure, is also called the Degussa process, as it was exploited by the company of Degussa in Wesseling. , In the industrial BMA process, Pt mesh catalyst is usually placed in columnar reactors which are installed in parallel in a reaction chamber where an ultrahigh temperature of 1300 °C is necessary to trigger HCN synthesis. Thus, the investment is very high, and a great amount of NH 3 and CH 4 are decomposed into N 2 and coke, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pt/TS-1 Catalyst Promoted C–N Coupling Reaction in CH₄–NH₃ Plasma for HCN Synthesis at Low Temperature

Guo

Wang

et al. 2018

ACS Catal.

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Hydrocyanic acid is an important synthetic material in chemical industry. Currently, the industrial methods of producing HCN mainly include the Andrussow and BMA processes, which are necessarily operated at temperatures of more than 1000 °C. This paper proposes a method to synthesize HCN at low temperature (400 °C) through a C−N coupling reaction in CH 4 /NH 3 nonthermal plasma with the assistance of Pt/TS-1 catalyst. Under the optimized reaction conditions (CH 4 / NH 3 = 1:2, GHSV: 2425 s −1 , discharge length: 3 cm, reaction temperature: 400 °C, Pt/TS-1 + plasma), 80.9% HCN selectivity was achieved with 25.9% CH 4 conversion. During the reaction process, the nonthermal plasma played a role of activating CH 4 and NH 3 into radical species (CH x and NH y ), while the Pt/TS-1 catalyst promoted the C−N coupling reaction of the radical species to produce HCN.

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Hydrogen Cyanide Produced from Coal and Ammonia

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H₂ at Reduced Temperature

Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H₂ at Reduced Temperature

Size-Dependent Reactivity of Rhodium Cluster Anions toward Methane

Pt/TS-1 Catalyst Promoted C–N Coupling Reaction in CH₄–NH₃ Plasma for HCN Synthesis at Low Temperature

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Hydrogen Cyanide Produced from Coal and Ammonia

Cited by 20 publications

References 1 publication

Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H2 at Reduced Temperature

Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H2 at Reduced Temperature

Size-Dependent Reactivity of Rhodium Cluster Anions toward Methane

Pt/TS-1 Catalyst Promoted C–N Coupling Reaction in CH4–NH3 Plasma for HCN Synthesis at Low Temperature

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Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H₂ at Reduced Temperature

Plasma-Catalytic Ammonia Reforming of Methane over Cu-Based Catalysts for the Production of HCN and H₂ at Reduced Temperature

Pt/TS-1 Catalyst Promoted C–N Coupling Reaction in CH₄–NH₃ Plasma for HCN Synthesis at Low Temperature