Hydrogen Powered Long Haul Aircraft with Minimized Climate Impact

Troeltsch, Florian; Engelmann, Markus G.; Scholz, Anna E.; Peter, Fabian; Kaiser, Jochen; Hornung, Mirko

doi:10.2514/6.2020-2660

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…A multitude of advanced hydrogen-fuelled aircraft concepts have recently been published by research organisations (e.g., NASA's N3-X [12], Bauhaus Luftfahrt's Hy-liner2.0 [13], FlyZero [14]) and announced as technology concept planes by the industry (e.g., Airbus ZeroE [15], Do228 FC demonstrator [16]). A broad overview on hydrogen technology, economics and climate impact by 2050 is provided by a study issued by the European "CleanSky" and "Fuel Cells and Hydrogen" Joint Undertakings in 2020 [17].…”

Section: Hydrogen Fuel In Aviationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial Assessment of a Fuel Cell—Gas Turbine Hybrid Propulsion Concept

et al. 2022

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A fuel cell—gas turbine hybrid propulsion concept is introduced and initially assessed. The concept uses the water mass flow produced by a hydrogen fuel cell in order to improve the efficiency and power output of the gas turbine engine through burner steam injection. Therefore, the fuel cell product water is conditioned through a process of condensation, pressurization and re-vaporization. The vaporization uses the waste heat of the gas turbine exhaust. The functional principles of the system concept are introduced and discussed, and appropriate methodology for an initial concept evaluation is formulated. Essential technology fields are surveyed in brief. The impact of burner steam injection on gas turbine efficiency and sizing is parametrically modelled. Simplified parametric models of the fuel cell system and key components of the water treatment process are presented. Fuel cell stack efficiency and specific power levels are methodically derived from latest experimental studies at the laboratory scale. The overall concept is assessed for a liquid hydrogen fueled short-/medium range aircraft application. Block fuel savings of up to 7.1% are found for an optimum design case based on solid oxide fuel cell technology. The optimum design features a gas turbine water-to-air ratio of 6.1% in cruise and 62% reduced high-level NOx emissions.

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Section: Hydrogen Fuel In Aviationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial Assessment of a Fuel Cell—Gas Turbine Hybrid Propulsion Concept

et al. 2022

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“…The higher parasite drag is here entirely due to the increase in fuselage size, whereas the parasite drag of the tail surfaces is reduced. 16…”

Section: Comparison Between the Reg-lh2-d And The Reg-lh2-cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Verstraete et al [15] investigated this tank option for a REG airliner and excluded it from the design of large passenger aircraft (LPA). Troeltsch found that the combination of forward and aft tanks was the most efficient for its LPA [16]. Brewer, who in his book collected the accumulated knowledge of hydrogen aircraft technology up to his time, did not investigate the single aft tank option [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of hydrogen transport aircraft

2022

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Zero-carbon-dioxide-emitting hydrogen-powered aircraft have, in recent decades, come back on the stage as promising protagonists in the fight against global warming. The main cause for the reduced performance of liquid hydrogen aircraft lays in the fuel storage, which demands the use of voluminous and heavy tanks. Literature on the topic shows that the optimal fuel storage solution depends on the aircraft range category, but most studies disagree on which solution is optimal for each category. The objective of this research was to identify and compare possible solutions to the integration of the hydrogen fuel containment system on regional, short/medium- and large passenger aircraft, and to understand why and how the optimal tank integration strategy depends on the aircraft category. This objective was pursued by creating a design and analysis framework for CS-25 aircraft capable of appreciating the effects that different combinations of tank structure, fuselage diameter, tank layout, shape, venting pressure and pressure control generate at aircraft level. Despite that no large differences among categories were found, the following main observations were made: (1) using an integral tank structure was found to be increasingly more beneficial with increasing aircraft range/size. (2) The use of a forward tank in combination with the aft one appeared to be always beneficial in terms of energy consumption. (3) The increase in fuselage diameter is detrimental, especially when an extra aisle is not required and a double-deck cabin is not feasible. (4) Direct venting has, when done efficiently, a small positive effect. (5) The optimal venting pressure varies with the aircraft configuration, performance, and mission. The impact on performance from sizing the tank for missions longer than the harmonic one was also quantified.

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“…While advancements of current propulsion technology and efficiency improvements in operations and infrastructure will aid achieving this aim, sustainable fuels and novel propulsion strategies such as (hybrid) electric concepts are expected to make substantial contributions to reducing aviation-related emissions in the long-term. In this context, hydrogen aviation has received tremendous interest (McKinsey & Company, 2020; Troeltsch et al , 2020; Bruce et al , 2020; Thomson et al , 2020; Hoelzen et al , 2021), since hydrogen as a fuel can be sustainably produced from water and renewable electricity (“green hydrogen”), and – as it does not contain carbon-atoms – it combusts without producing carbon-related emissions such as soot. Despite these formidable advantages, using hydrogen as aviation fuel comes with a number of challenges: First, to enhance its energy density, hydrogen would be used in liquid form (LH2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentials of prognostics and health management for polymer electrolyte fuel cells in aviation applications

Ebner

Koops

2022

AEAT

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Purpose A reliable and safe operation of fuel cells (FCs) is imperative for their application in aviation, especially within the main powertrain. Moreover, performance and lifetime requirements for technical and economic viability are demanding compared to their stationary or road transportation counterparts, while the operating conditions are considered challenging. Prognostics and health management (PHM) could represent a powerful tool for enhancing reliability, durability and performance by detecting, predicting and/or mitigating relevant degradation and failure mechanisms. Against this backdrop, the authors consider it of high relevance to obtain an understanding of the effectiveness of PHM approaches for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) for future aircraft applications, which represents the aim of this paper. Design/methodology/approach In this study, the authors first discuss application relevant failure modes, review state-of-the-art PHM approaches and, consecutively, assess the potential of FC control strategies for aviation. Aiming for a tangible, comparable metric for this initial assessment, the authors apply a published remaining useful life prediction method to load profiles for a range of aviation-specific applications. Findings The authors’ analysis shows significant potentials for lifetime improvement by (partial) avoidance of high power operation and rapid load change through control strategies. Tapping into these theoretical potentials, however, requires significant developments in the field of PEFC PHM and a focus on aviation specific degradation and performance testing. Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in creating an understanding of the potential of avoiding or preventing certain degradation modes by means of PHM in the PEFC specifically in aviation applications.

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Hydrogen Powered Long Haul Aircraft with Minimized Climate Impact

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Initial Assessment of a Fuel Cell—Gas Turbine Hybrid Propulsion Concept

Initial Assessment of a Fuel Cell—Gas Turbine Hybrid Propulsion Concept

Assessment of hydrogen transport aircraft

Potentials of prognostics and health management for polymer electrolyte fuel cells in aviation applications

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