Hydrogen Uptake of Duplex 2205 at H2 Partial Pressures up to 100 bar

Abstract

Microbiological methanation is investigated in an underground natural gas reservoir. Since H2 is involved in the process, hydrogen embrittlement of steel must inevitably be considered. Therefore, a routine for testing has been developed and a unique autoclave test bench was designed to simulate field conditions. The 2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803) was investigated. Constant load tests (CLTs) and immersion tests with subsequent hydrogen analyses were performed. The specimens were exposed to different partial pressures of H2 under both dry and wet conditions (with brine). Additionally, the influence of CO2 under wet conditions was covered. Tests were performed at two different temperatures (25°C and 80°C) and lasted for 30 days. In general, the duplex stainless steel shows a good resistance to hydrogen embrittlement, but a significantly higher hydrogen uptake was obtained compared to other steel grades.

Hydrogen Uptake and Embrittlement of Carbon Steels in Various Environments

“…Consequently, the specimens were periodically wetted with the brine, if any. The test procedure is described in detail elsewhere [59,60]. The experimental setup of the tests at ambient pressure is shown schematically in Figure 3.…”

“…ppm hydrogen when charged in 100 bar H 2 gas at 80 • C. The addition of an aqueous electrolyte results in a significantly higher uptake. Nevertheless, with a constant load of 90% of the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS), the hydrogen content is not sufficient to cause embrittlement [55]. Takai et al [56] charged the austenitic stainless steel SUS 316L in hydrogen gas with various pressures at 90 • C. 100 bar resulted in a hydrogen content of 9 wt.…”

Effect of Tensile Loading and Temperature on the Hydrogen Solubility of Steels at High Gas Pressure

“…[10,11] Autoclave systems for testing and qualifying steels that are used in high-pressure applications of gaseous hydrogen are very common. [6,[12][13][14][15] Two different setups are widely used: 1) closed autoclaves that do not allow for any manipulation of the samples during testing, and 2) autoclaves with protruding sample holders for quasi-static testing or fatigue testing under high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere. Current guidelines, such as ASME B31.12 [16] and DVGW G 464 (M), [17] and standards, like ISO 11114-4, [18] describe the mechanical testing and evaluation procedures in detail, but they are quite unspecific regarding the definition of the required hydrogen pressure that should be applied.…”

Cathodic and Anodic Stress Corrosion Cracking of a New High-Strength CrNiMnMoN Austenitic Stainless Steel

“…To determine the resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and stress corrosion cracking, slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) [4][5][6] and constant load tests (CLTs) [7,8] are mostly used. It is only by determining characteristic values from both tests that the resistance of the material can be sufficiently characterized [7,9].…”