Hydrogeochemical assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of potentially toxic elements in aquifers of the Hindukush ranges, Pakistan: insights from groundwater pollution indexing, GIS-based, and multivariate statistical approaches

Rashid, Abdur; Ayub, Muhammad; Khan, Sardar; Ullah, Zahid; Ali, Liaqat; Gao, Xubo; Li, Chengcheng; El‐Serehy, Hamed A.; Kaushik, Prashant; Rasool, Atta

doi:10.1007/s11356-022-21172-3

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…It occupies an area of 140 km 2 and has a total population of 130,000 individuals. Topographically, the study area has been occupied by the foothills of Hindukush ranges in the northeast to the southwest zone [ 49 ]. Geographically, the site is bounded with district Upper Dir in the north, district Swat in the east, district Malakand in the south, and Bajaur Agency in the west.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)

Rashid

Ayub

Ullah

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Groundwater contamination by potentially harmful elements (PHEs) originating from the weathering of granitic and gneissic rock dissolution poses a public health concern worldwide. This study investigated physicochemical variables and PHEs in the groundwater system and mine water of the Adenzai flood plain region, in Pakistan, emphasizing the fate distribution, source provenance, chemical speciation, and health hazard using the human health risk assessment HHRA-model. The average concentrations of the PHEs, viz., Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb, Co, Fe, and Zn 0.23, were 0.27, 0.07, 0.30, 0.07, 0.06, 0.08, 0.68, and 0.23 mg/L, respectively. The average values of chemical species in the groundwater system, viz., H+, OH−, Ni2+, Mn2+, Mn3+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Cu+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Pb4+, Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Zn2+, were 1.0 × 10−4 ± 1.0 × 10−6, 1.0 × 10−4 ± 9.0 × 10−7, 2.0 × 10−1 ± 1.0 × 10−3, 3.0 × 10−1 ± 1.0 × 10−3, 1.0 × 10−22 ± 1.0 × 10−23, 4.0 × 10−6 ± 2.0 × 10−6, 4.0 × 10−11 ± 2.0 × 10−11, 9.0 × 10−3 ± 1.0 × 10−2, 2.0 × 10−1 ± 2.0 × 10−3, 7.0 × 10−2 ± 6.0 × 10−2, 5.0 × 10−2 ± 5.0 × 10−2, 2.0 × 10−2 ± 1.5 × 10−2, 6.0 × 10−2 ± 4.0 × 10−2, 8.0 × 10−31 ± 6.0 × 10−31, 3.0 × 10−1 ± 2.0 × 10−4, 4.0 × 10−10 ± 3.0 × 10−10, and 2.0 × 10−1 ± 1.0 × 10−1. The mineral compositions of PHEs, viz. Ni, were bunsenite, Ni(OH)2, and trevorite; Mn viz., birnessite, bixbyite, hausmannite, manganite, manganosite, pyrolusite, and todorokite; Cr viz., chromite and eskolaite; Cu viz., CuCr2O4, cuprite, delafossite, ferrite-Cu, and tenorite; Cd viz., monteponite; Pb viz, crocoite, litharge, massicot, minium, plattnerite, Co viz., spinel-Co; Fe viz., goethite, hematite, magnetite, wustite, and ferrite-Zn; and Zn viz., zincite, and ZnCr2O4 demarcated undersaturation and supersaturation. However, EC, Ca2+, K+, Na+, HCO3−, Cr, Cd, Pb, Co, and Fe had exceeded the WHO guideline. The Nemerow’s pollution index (NPI) showed that EC, Ca2+, K+, Na+, HCO3−, Mn, Cd, Pb, Co, and Fe had worse water quality. Principal component analysis multilinear regression (PCAMLR) and cluster analysis (CA) revealed that 75% of the groundwater contamination originated from geogenic inputs and 18% mixed geogenic-anthropogenic and 7% anthropogenic sources. The HHRA-model suggested potential non-carcinogenic risks, except for Fe, and substantial carcinogenic risks for evaluated PHEs. The women and infants are extremely exposed to PHEs hazards. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in children, males, and females had exceeded their desired level. The HHRA values of PHEs exhibited the following increasing pattern: Co > Cu > Mn > Zn > Fe, and Cd > Pb > Ni > Cr. The higher THI values of PHEs in children and adults suggested that the groundwater consumption in the entire region is unfit for drinking, domestic, and agricultural purposes. Thus, all groundwater sources need immediate remedial measures to secure health safety and public health concerns.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)

Rashid

Ayub

Ullah

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…PCA is a widely used technique for reducing data complexity. PCA can maintain the majority of the data while lowering the complexity of the data [ 40 ]. The sources of pollution were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Evaluation of Elevated Fluoride in Groundwater and Its Suitability Assessment for Drinking Purposes Based on Water Quality Index

Ullah

Zeng

et al. 2022

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Fluoride (F−) contamination in drinking groundwater is a significant human health risk in Pakistan. Moreover, high fluoride pollution in drinking water causes a variety of disorders, including dental, neurological, and skeletal fluorosis. The aim of this research was to evaluate the health risk of elevated fluoride in groundwater and its suitability assessment for drinking purposes. The total of (n = 37) samples were collected from community tube wells of Quetta Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan. The results show a mean pH value of 7.7, TDS of 404.6 mg/L, EC of 500 µs/cm, depth of 96.8 feet, and turbidity of 1.7 nephelometric turbidity units. The mean values of HCO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+, were 289.5, 47.5, 30.6, and 283.3 mg/L, respectively. The mean values of SO42−, NO3−, K+, Cl−, and Fe2+, were 34.9, 1.0, 1.6, 25.6, and 0.01 mg/L, respectively. The F− concentration in the groundwater varied between 0.19 and 6.21, with a mean value of 1.8 mg/L, and 18 samples out of 37 were beyond the WHO recommended limit of 1.5 mg/L. The hydrochemical analysis results indicated that among the groundwater samples of the study area, 54% samples were Na-HCO3 type and 46% were mixed CaNaHCO3 type. The saturation indices of the mineral phases reveal that the groundwater sources of the study area were saturated with CaCO3 and halide minerals due to their positive (SI) values. Such minerals include calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and fluorite. The principal component analysis results reveal that the groundwater sources of the study area are contaminated due to geological and anthropogenic actions. The health risk assessment results of the F− concentrations show the ranges of ADDingestion for children, females, and males in the Quetta Valley, and their mean values were observed to be 0.093052, 0.068825, and 0.065071, respectively. The HQingestion mean values were 1.55086, 1.147089, and 1.084521 for children, females, and males, respectively. It was noticed that children had the highest maximum and average values of ADDingestion and HQingestion in the research area, indicating that groundwater fluoride intake poses the greatest health risk to children. The water quality index (WQI) analyses show that 44% of the samples belong to the poor-quality category, 49% were of good quality, and 8% of the samples of the study area belong to the excellent category.

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“…Many of these essential elements must be incorporated into our daily nutrition in specified quantities. However, excessive intake of heavy metals can lead to health consequences due to their persistent, bioavailable, and genotoxic characteristics (Rashid et al, 2022a;Rashid et al, 2022c).…”

Section: Sustainable Groundwater Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Groundwater is an essential source of freshwater and is vital for human consumption, livestock, and agriculture (Noor et al, 2022;Rashid et al, 2022a). Unfortunately, Pakistan ranks 80 th out of 122 countries with regard to access to safe drinking water (Khan et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical appraisal, groundwater quality, and health risks through potential toxic elements around municipal solid waste dumpsite Peshawar, Pakistan

Butt,

Khan,

Khattak

et al. 2024

Preprint

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This study evaluates groundwater quality, and management tools in the vicinity of the Chowa-Gujjar dumpsite around Bara River, Peshawar, Pakistan. Therefore, groundwater samples (n = 30) were collected to investigate physicochemical and potential toxic elements (PTEs), to assess the distribution patterns and potential health risks. The findings of this study indicate that the dumpsite serves as the principal contributor for groundwater contaminants such as Mn, Co, Cu, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Ni, and Pb. Groundwater type shows mixed Ca-Mg-Cl2 and NaCl type representing reverse ion exchange and dissolution of evaporite minerals in the area. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) identified three clusters determining lowest pollution 33.3%, moderate pollution 43.3%, and severe pollution cluster accounting 13.4% contribution. Thus, cluster C3 showed potential vulnerability and caused health concerns in the residents. The principal component analysis (PCA) analysis indicated that groundwater contamination was attributed to geogenic, anthropogenic and mixed sources. But, PMF-model suggested five factors solutions to treat groundwater contamination I the study area. The fitting results of PMF-model was found better and accurate compared to PCA. Thus, PMF-model showed leaching of solid waste, industrial waste, geochemical processes, surface runoff, and agriculture practices to be major contamination sources. Groundwater quality indexing (GWQI) is used to assess groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic purposes. Here, GWQI reflected low pollution and medium risk for Cr, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ca in the groundwater. Here, human health risks showed that children are more susceptible to contamination than adults in the area. The results of this study help minimize groundwater contamination by employing sustainable water management tools.

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Hydrogeochemical assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of potentially toxic elements in aquifers of the Hindukush ranges, Pakistan: insights from groundwater pollution indexing, GIS-based, and multivariate statistical approaches

Cited by 33 publications

References 103 publications

Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)

Geochemical Modeling Source Provenance, Public Health Exposure, and Evaluating Potentially Harmful Elements in Groundwater: Statistical and Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA)

Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk Evaluation of Elevated Fluoride in Groundwater and Its Suitability Assessment for Drinking Purposes Based on Water Quality Index

Hydrogeochemical appraisal, groundwater quality, and health risks through potential toxic elements around municipal solid waste dumpsite Peshawar, Pakistan

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