Hydroisomerization of n-Heptane in a Fixed-Bed Reactor Using a Synthesized Bimetallic Type-HY Zeolite Catalyst

Experimental and Kinetic Study of the Catalytic Behavior of Sulfate-Treated Nanostructured Bifunctional Zirconium Oxide Catalysts in n-Heptane Hydroisomerization Reactions

“…As a result, a decrease in the generation of isomers on their surface is observed during the reaction. Accordingly, the treatment of catalysts with sulfate must be very precise for the purpose of improving the catalytic properties of the catalysts [29,49]. However, hydrogenation processes, such as the hydroisomerization reaction of nheptane, often lead to a decrease in coke accumulation due to the presence of hydrogen gas, which helps to incorporate platinum (Pt) into zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ), which leads to high thermal stability, as confirmed by other researchers [40,50].…”

“…These beads are typically used to stabilize the catalyst and occupy the empty space inside the reactor in order to regulate the thermal distribution of the reactant molecules prior to thermal decomposition-generally after the reactants have been transferred to the surface of catalyst particles. In fact, before the reaction starts, the metals on the catalyst surface are reduced in situ, and the reduction process takes place at a pressure of 5 bar under a hydrogen flow rate of 5 L/h at a temperature of 450 • C for 3 h [29,30]. Subsequently, the reactor undergoes a continuous cooling process until its temperature reaches the hydroisomerization reaction temperature of 230 • C. A dosing pump is a kind of positive displacement pump that is specially designed to inject a certain amount of chemicals with high precision into a gas or liquid stream.…”

“…In addition, the XRD-patterns of catalysts after metal loading and/or sulfate treatment show similarity to those of catalysts without any metal loading and/or sulfate treatment (i.e., traditional parent ZrO 2 and/or SZrO 2 samples). The percentage crystallinity of the samples was calculated from the sum of the intensities of the main peaks provided by the XRD machine according to Equation ( 4) [29]. The calculations are achieved by dividing the sum of the main peak intensities of the either as-prepared Pt/ZrO 2 or Pt/SZrO 2 sample by the sum of the main peak intensities of the reference sample (i.e., parent ZrO 2 or SZrO 2 catalyst).…”