Hydrophobic metabolites of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in cultured coconut tissue

López‐Villalobos, Arturo; Hornung, Roland; Dodds, Peter F.

doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.08.034

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Complications arise when such high concentrations of 2,4-D are used for extended periods of time as it has been shown that such treatments can induce chromosomal aberrations in the cultured tissues (Blake and Hornung 1995). In addition, it is now thought that coconut tissues can metabolize 2,4-D into fatty acid analogues, which are subsequently incorporated into triacylglycerol derivatives (López-Villalobos et al 2004). These latter molecules represent a stable and stored form of 2,4-D that can continue to arrest somatic embryo formation even when 2,4-D has been removed from the medium.…”

Section: Clonal Propagation Via Somatic Embryogenesis Somatic Embryogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions for the improvement of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): a review

Nguyen

Bandupriya

López‐Villalobos

et al. 2015

Planta

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The present review discusses not only advances in coconut tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions but also future research directions toward the resilience of this important palm crop. Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is commonly known as the 'tree of life'. Every component of the palm can be used to produce items of value and many can be converted into industrial products. Coconut cultivation faces a number of acute problems that reduce its productivity and competitiveness. These problems include various biotic and abiotic challenges as well as an unstable market for its traditional oil-based products. Around 10 million small-holder farmers cultivate coconut palms worldwide on c. 12 million hectares of land, and many more people own a few coconut palms that contribute to their livelihoods. Inefficiency in the production of seedlings for replanting remains an issue; however, tissue culture and other biotechnological interventions are expected to provide pragmatic solutions. Over the past 60 years, much research has been directed towards developing and improving protocols for (i) embryo culture; (ii) clonal propagation via somatic embryogenesis; (iii) homozygote production via anther culture; (iv) germplasm conservation via cryopreservation; and (v) genetic transformation. Recently other advances have revealed possible new ways to improve these protocols. Although effective embryo culture and cryopreservation are now possible, the limited frequency of conversion of somatic embryos to ex vitro seedlings still prevents the large-scale clonal propagation of coconut. This review illustrates how our knowledge of tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions in coconut has so far developed. Further improvement of protocols and their application to a wider range of germplasm will continue to open up new horizons for the collection, conservation, breeding and productivity of coconut.

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Section: Clonal Propagation Via Somatic Embryogenesis Somatic Embryogmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions for the improvement of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): a review

Nguyen

Bandupriya

López‐Villalobos

et al. 2015

Planta

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“…Previous experiments in our laboratories with coconut zygotic embryos failed to show promotion of haustorial growth, even in the presence of various growth factors (López-Villalobos 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…A simple model was used with mature zygotic embryos and no added plant growth regulators. In our experience, such cultures develop poorly even in the presence of added growth factors (López-Villalobos 2002). Results showed that lauric acid added at the outset of the culture was counter-productive but later supplementation, after 60 or 75 days of culture, produced distinct increases in plantlet growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…To estimate the total uptake of lauric acid by the tissues, 50 ll aliquots of the single-phase initial extract (chloroform:methanol:water, 1:2:0.8, by volume) were taken and the radioactive content measured by liquid scintillation counting after drying as described by Lopez-Villalobos et al (2004). After separating the phases, 750 ll aliquots of the bottom, chloroform, phase, which contained the lipid extract, were concentrated to half volume and applied to individual lanes of 19-lane silica gel TLC plates.…”

Section: Analysis Of Lipid Classes and Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lauric acid improves the growth of zygotic coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryos in vitro

López‐Villalobos

Dodds

Hornung

2011

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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Coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) germinating in situ make use of both sucrose and fatty acids, notably lauric acid, as sources of energy and carbon, but current tissue culture methods routinely include only sucrose in the culture medium. The aim of the experiments was to establish whether lauric acid could improve the growth and development of zygotic coconut embryos in culture. The culture medium of zygotic embryos was adjusted to give various concentrations of sucrose and lauric acid. The concentration of free lauric acid was increased at specific times of the culture. At the end of the experiments, plantlet growth was measured. Added at day zero, lauric acid inhibited germination. Added at 60 or 75 days, lauric acid (75 lM, unbound concentration) showed a marked stimulation of plantlet growth and development. When 14 C-labelled lauric acid was used, radioactivity was incorporated mainly into longer chain fatty acids of complex lipids, notably of the phospholipid fraction. Supplementation at these times may mimic conditions in situ and suggests that the supply of fatty acids may represent a physiological requirement for continued growth. The experiments with radioactive lauric acid confirm that it provides carbon for the synthesis of new structural lipids. The method may provide a means of improving the development of coconut somatic embryos in future.

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“…While such fluoroacylated derivatives can be prepared synthetically, there are potentially many advantages in using biotransformation reactions to achieve regio-and stereo-selective incorporation into natural product acceptors. Significantly, halogenated xenobiotic acids are known to enter acylation pathways in plant primary metabolism, with fatty acid derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid accumulating as triglycerides in coconut (Lopez-Villalobos et al, 2004). With this in mind, we wanted to see if the acyl-incorporation of halogenated acids could be demonstrated in secondary metabolism using commonly encountered acceptor species such as flavonoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifying the acylation of flavonols in Petunia hybrida

Cunningham¹,

Edwards²

2008

Phytochemistry

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Hydrophobic metabolites of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in cultured coconut tissue

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions for the improvement of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): a review

Tissue culture and associated biotechnological interventions for the improvement of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.): a review

Lauric acid improves the growth of zygotic coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) embryos in vitro

Modifying the acylation of flavonols in Petunia hybrida

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