Hydrothermal carbonization of poly(vinyl chloride)

Poerschmann, Juergen; Weiner, Barbara; Woszidlo, Silke; Koehler, Robert; Kopinke, Frank‐Dieter

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.07.058

Cited by 154 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…As shown in Fig. 1a, the leaching efficiencies of Co and Li were negligible at co-treatment temperatures below 200 • C due to inefficient PVC dechlorination below 200 • C. As the temperature rose, the leaching efficiencies of Co and Li increased significantly up to 61.4% and 93.9%, respectively, at 250 • C. This phenomenon can be explained by the release of Cl in PVC by dehydrochlorination and its subsequent dissolution in water to form HCl [25]. Co and Li in LiCoO 2 can react with HCl to form stable CoCl 2 and LiCl compounds, respectively.…”

Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 75%

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

112

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h i g h l i g h t s• A co-treatment process for recovery of Co and Li and simultaneous detoxification of PVC in subcritical water was proposed.• PVC was used as a hydrochloric acid source.• More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were leached under the optimum conditions.• Neither corrosive acid nor reducing agent was used.• The co-treatment process has technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional recovery processes. a r t i c l e i n f o In this work, an effective and environmentally friendly process for the recovery of cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and simultaneously detoxification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in subcritical water was developed. Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) power from spent LIBs and PVC were co-treated by subcritical water oxidation, in which PVC served as a hydrochloric acid source to promote metal leaching. The dechlorination of PVC and metal leaching was achieved simultaneously under subcritical water oxidation. More than 95% Co and nearly 98% Li were recovered under the optimum conditions: temperature 350• C, PVC/LiCoO 2 ratio 3:1, time 30 min, and a solid/liquid ratio 16:1 (g/L), respectively. Moreover, PVC was completely dechlorinated at temperatures above 350• C without any release of toxic chlorinated organic compounds. Assessment on economical and environmental impacts revealed that the PVC and LiCoO 2 subcritical co-treatment process had significant technical, economic and environmental benefits over the traditional hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy processes. This innovative co-treatment process is efficient, environmentally friendly and adequate for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs and simultaneous dechlorination of PVC in subcritical water.

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Section: Effect Of Temperaturementioning

confidence: 75%

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Liu

Zhang

2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

112

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“…The second stage, occurring in a higher temperature range, corresponds to thermal cracking of the carbonaceous conjugated polyene sequences. The two peaks in the TG thermograms are indicative of the maximum rate of weight loss, corresponding to the temperatures with the most rapid degradation during each stage [57][58][59][60][61][62]. The main component of the residue of the sample PVC is in carbonaceous form (char) due to the fact that the TGA tests were performed in the nitrogen atmosphere.…”

Section: Thermal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Novel PVC/Silica–Lignin Composites

et al. 2015

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An advanced SiO 2 -lignin hybrid material was obtained and tested as a novel poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) filler. The processing of compounds of poly(vinyl chloride) in the form of a dry blend with silica-lignin hybrid material and, separately, with the two components from which that material was prepared, was performed in a Brabender mixing chamber. An analysis was made of processing (mass melt flow rate, MFR), thermal (thermogravimetric analysis, Congo red and Vicat softening temperature test) and tensile properties of the final PVC composites with fillers in a range of concentrations between 2.5 wt % and 10 wt %. Additionally, the effects of filler content on the fusion characteristics of PVC composites were investigated. The homogeneity of dispersion of the silica-lignin hybrid material in the PVC matrix was determined by optical microscopy and SEM. Finally, it should be noted that it is possible to obtain a PVC composite containing up to 10 wt % of silica-lignin filler using a melt processing method. The introduction of hybrid filler into the PVC matrix results in a homogeneous structure of the composites and positive processing and functional properties, especially thermal stability and Vicat softening temperature.

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“…Investigations on the toxicity of hydrochars, especially the analyses of their contents of POPs, such as PCDD, PCDF and PCB, are often not taken into account. One argument is that there can be no neogenesis because the "dioxin window" of 300 • C to 600 • C is not reached in the HTC process [24]. Further arguments are the high costs for analysis and the low amounts of sample material from lab scale HTC reactors [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the SS are normally not strongly influenced by the conventional SS treatment techniques like anaerobic digestion. It is often assumed that while using HTC, dioxins do not require further consideration because the so-called "dioxin window", the range of about 300 • C to 600 • C where a neogenesis of dioxins is possible, is not reached under the given process conditions [23,24]. However, some results show that the profile and composition of the congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs) are being modified during the HTC [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge

Brookman¹,

Gievers²,

Zelinski³

et al. 2018

Energies

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In many areas of application, the influence of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the composition of organic pollutants is still unexplored. In this study, sewage sludge (SS) was carbonized and the input as well as the hydrochar were examined for the organic pollutants: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs). The process temperatures of carbonization were 200 • C, 220 • C, and 240 • C and the holding time was 5 h for all tests. The total concentration of PCBs was relatively stable for all temperatures, whereas the toxicity equivalent (WHO-TEQ) at 200 • C and 220 • C increases compared to the input material. The strongest impact on toxicity was observed for PCDDs where concentrations were reduced for higher temperatures, whereas the toxicity increases by more than 16 times for temperatures of 240 • C. The concentrations and toxicity of PCDFs were reduced for all carbonization temperatures. In hydrochar from HTC at 240 • C, the limit values for the application of SS in German agriculture have been exceeded. The results indicate that the process conditions for HTC should be controlled also for SS with average contamination if the hydrochar is to be used as material, especially in agriculture.

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Hydrothermal carbonization of poly(vinyl chloride)

Cited by 154 publications

References 34 publications

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Innovative leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries and simultaneous dechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in subcritical water

Preparation and Characterization of Novel PVC/Silica–Lignin Composites

Influence of Hydrothermal Carbonization on Composition, Formation and Elimination of Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans in Sewage Sludge

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