Hydrothermal Fabrication of Highly Porous Titanium Bio-Scaffold with a Load-Bearable Property

Abstract

Porous titanium (P_Ti) is considered as an effective material for bone scaffold to achieve a stiffness reduction. Herein, biomimetic (bio-)scaffolds were made of sintered P_Ti, which used NaCl as the space holder and had it removed via the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction results showed that the subsequent sintering temperature of 1000 °C was the optimized temperature for preparing P_Ti. The compressive strength of P_Ti was measured using a compression test, which revealed an excellent load-bearing ability of above 70 MPa for that with an addition of 50 wt % NaCl (P_Ti_50). The nano-hardness of P_Ti, tested upon their solid surface, was presumably consistent with the density of pores vis-à-vis the addition of NaCl. Overall, a load-bearable P_Ti with a highly porous structure (e.g., P_Ti_50 with a porosity of 43.91% and a pore size around 340 μm) and considerable compressive strength could be obtained through the current process. Cell proliferation (MTS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that all P_Ti samples exhibited high cell affinity and low cell mortality, indicating good biocompatibility. Among them, P_Ti_50 showed relatively good in-cell morphology and viability, and is thus promising as a load-bearable bio-scaffold.

Strontium Oxide Deposited onto a Load-Bearable and Porous Titanium Matrix as Dynamic and High-Surface-Contact-Area Catalysis for Transesterification

“…In Figure 6b, we illustrate a practical use of Sr 0.5 -P-Ti_55 in a continuous process for biodiesel conversion and production. With the porosity and considerable mechanical strength of P-Ti_55 and appropriate amount of SrO bonded with Ti-based matrix, an appropriate oil flowing speed penetrating into the porous matrix and reaction with the firmly attached SrO is feasible [13,14]. The Sr 0.5 -P-Ti_55 is thus promising to be employed in a continuous process for biodiesel conversion and production [12].…”

“…In our previous study, porous Ti with different forms or ratios of porosity has been fabricated using a hydrothermal procedure by the adjustment of NaCl content in Ti powder [13]. Hydrothermal method has been applied for producing a porous Ti-based scaffold at high temperature and high pressure with the inclusion of a removable pore former [13]. Besides, with the increasing demand for complex designs (e.g., a catalytic surface on/in the porous structure/shape), a catalyst coating can be infused [14].…”

CAD/CAM scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: investigation of biocompatibility of selective laser melted lightweight titanium

“…By reducing the strut diameter, a decrease of the homogenised elastic modulus could be obtained [26]. It has been suggested that an implantable and load bearing scaffold should have a compressive strength of higher then 70 Mpa [51]. However, it has been also proclaimed that, human trabecular bone has a modulus ranging from 0.01–2 Gpa [52] and the modulus of a scaffold should be within the range of trabecular bone.…”

Porous Tantalum and Titanium in Orthopedics: A Review

“…60 There are still many other methods such as Ti-Co and Ti-Mo alloy porous structures through gel-casting by Donghua Yang, 61 as well as porous Ti made by a hydrothermal method. 62 However, here in this review, only those focused on orthopedic application were emphasized. Apart from the suitable biomechanics brought by this kind of method, different densities of the bottom and top parts also offered primary inspiration for functional graded design.…”