Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon microspheres from sucrose with citric acid as a catalyst: physicochemical and structural properties

Sulistya, Erick; Hui-Hui, Lim; Attenborough, Nicole K.; Pourshahrestani, Sara; Kadri, Nahrizul Adib; Zeimaran, Ehsan; Razak, Nasrul Anuar Abd; Horri, Bahman Amini; Salamatinia, Babak

doi:10.1080/16583655.2020.1794566

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The discussion about the growth mechanisms of carbon spheres is an ongoing debate. Whereas many studies are focused on the formation of the particles without additives [19][20][21][22][23], others make use of different kinds of additives, such as acids, bases, or salts [24][25][26][27], during the synthesis of the particles. There are several examples in which the usage of an additive results in remarkable larger particles [9,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal carbonization of fructose—effect of salts and reactor stirring on the growth and formation of carbon spheres

Jung

Duman

Zimmermann

et al. 2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) has become a promising technology for the production of hydrochar and carbon spheres. Several studies indicate a strong dependency of the reaction conditions on the sphere diameter. The usage of additives, such as salts, is one possibility to increase the size of the spheres. However, the growth mechanism which leads to larger particles is not fully understood. In this work, kinetic studies of HTC with fructose were performed with different salts as additives. The growth of the particles (the increase in size) has been compared to the formation rates (increase in yield) of hydrochar by using the reaction rate constants from the kinetic model. The results indicate that the acceleration of the growth rate is independent of the formation rate. It is therefore assumed that coagulation, as a growth mechanism, took place. With longer reaction times, the particles reached a stable particle size, independently from the added salts; therefore, it was assumed that the particles underwent some sort of solidification. The state of matter can therefore be described as an intermediate state between liquid and solid, similar to mesophase pitch. Experiments with a stirrer resulted in squashed particles, which supports the model, that the particles exhibit emulsion-like behavior.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal carbonization of fructose—effect of salts and reactor stirring on the growth and formation of carbon spheres

Jung

Duman

Zimmermann

et al. 2021

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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show abstract

“…The wider absorption peak between 3750–3100 cm −1 (Figure 8) was caused by the stretching vibration of O−H in the hydroxyl or carboxyl group [18,19] . The sharp absorption peak at 2921 cm −1 and 1706 cm −1 were the characteristic peak of a C−H bond stretching vibration [20] and the stretching vibration of C=O, [21] respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Preparation of Double‐Layer Hollow Porous Carbon Microspheres by a Hydrothermal Method

Yang

2023

ChemistrySelect

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Double‐layer hollow porous carbon microspheres (DPCMs) with high specific surface area (up to 57.3 m2/g) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using sucrose as the carbon source, SnCl4 ⋅ 5H2O as the porogen, and sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium polyacrylate as the anionic surfactant and dispersant, respectively. The thickness and morphology of the inner and outer layers of the DPCMs (spherical, bowl‐like, mushroom‐like, or ellipsoidal) could be adjusted by changing the hydrothermal conditions. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) showed that the surface of the DPCMs was rich in −OH and −COOH functional groups, which was beneficial for subsequent chemical modification of the DPCMs. Because the prepared DPCM had a reactive surface layer and a stable carbonaceous double‐layer structure, the material could be used in supercapacitors and biochemistry, and as catalyst carriers, adsorption materials, and electrode materials, among other applications.

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“…Furthermore, the results revealed that the addition of more sucrose resulted in smaller microspheres, which was due to the increased amount of spores produced by the HTC of sucrose. Sulistya et al [ 10 ] prepared CMs from sucrose with citric acid at 190 °C and for 6 h. Bedin et al [ 11 ] concluded that the optimal conditions for obtaining CMs from sucrose are at a temperature of 194 °C, a reaction time of 1197 min (≈50 h) and a sucrose concentration of 0.85 mol/L. Zhao and co-researchers [ 12 ] and Shi and co-researchers [ 13 ] obtained CMs from HTC of sucrose at 180 °C with reaction times of 12 h and 24 h, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Carbon Microspheres from Inedible Crystallized Date Palm Molasses: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Time

et al. 2023

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In this work, carbon microspheres (CMs) were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of inedible crystallized date palm molasses. The effects of temperature and reaction time on the prepared materials were studied. Experiments were carried out at different temperatures (180, 200, 230 and 250 °C) with reaction times ranging from 2 to 10 h. It was found that temperature had the greatest influence on the mass yield of the CMs. No solid products were observed at a temperature of 180 °C and a reaction time less than 2 h. The highest yield was found to be 40.4% at 250 °C and a reaction time of 6 h. The results show that the CMs produced were approximately 5–9 μm in diameter. The results also show that the largest diameter of the CMs (8.9 μm) was obtained at a temperature of 250 °C and a reaction time of 6 h. Nonetheless, if the reaction time was extended beyond 6 h at 250 °C, the CMs fused and their shapes were deformed (non-spherical shapes). The synthesized materials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Branuer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). BET surface areas for the four samples were found to be less than 1 m2/g. The methylene blue adsorption studies indicated that the equilibrium adsorption capacity was reached after 15 min, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 12 mg/g. The recycling of date palm molasses (a known processed waste) to generate a useable carbon microsphere represents a beneficial step in the application of sustainable processing industries in the Middle East.

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Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon microspheres from sucrose with citric acid as a catalyst: physicochemical and structural properties

Cited by 17 publications

References 43 publications

Hydrothermal carbonization of fructose—effect of salts and reactor stirring on the growth and formation of carbon spheres

Hydrothermal carbonization of fructose—effect of salts and reactor stirring on the growth and formation of carbon spheres

Preparation of Double‐Layer Hollow Porous Carbon Microspheres by a Hydrothermal Method

Synthesis of Carbon Microspheres from Inedible Crystallized Date Palm Molasses: Influence of Temperature and Reaction Time

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