“…1 Due to their extended cycle life, and high power and energy density, researchers have focused on second-generation lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors as viable and sustainable energy-storage options. 2,3 In this regard, batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) are both essential for storing renewable energy. Batteries have a high energy density due to redox processes, but their power density is restricted compared to supercapacitors.…”