Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: Patient characteristics, diagnostic delays and associated complications

Abstract

Characteristics of children with HSS are variable for age, gender and BMI-for-age percentile and not predominately limited to obese male adolescent African-American. Delay in diagnosis is common and morbidity and mortality in paediatric HHS are significant. The subsequent diagnosis of patients presenting with HHS includes type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus.

Hyperglycemic Crisis: A Serious Complication of Unknown Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescent

“…Rhabdomyolysis is a possible cause of the diminishing renal function complication in this case that was effectively reversed by temporary Hemodialysis. clinical case reaffirms the possibility of developing DKA with some manifestations of HHS in adolescent in the context of unknown T2D, which only few have been recognised and reported [5,6].…”

Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) as the first manifestationof type 2 diabetes in a child

“…Undiagnosed diabetes mellitus, most often type 2, with underlying infection is the most common cause of HHS, as it was in the presented case [1]. It is, however, still an unusual presentation of type 2 diabetes in children, found in 2% of cases, developing due to diagnosis delay, which also occurred in our patient [3][4][5]. Recent studies showed an increase of HHS prevalence in the paediatric population [6,7]; it is therefore important to know how to diagnose and treat this condition.…”

“…It is believed to be associated with a delay in the diagnosis of these diseases. Mortality in the course of HHS reaches 20-30%, and it is approximately 10-times higher than in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) [3,4].…”

Multicentre analysis of hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 and type 2 diabetes

“…However, untreated HHS leads to death [1]. Mortality ranges from 5 to 20%, which is about 10 times higher compared with DKA, due to higher age or delayed diagnosis [4][5][6]. Previous studies reported higher occurrence of HHS in females and older patients (60 + years) and at diabetes onset [7][8][9].…”