Hyperpnea and heat flux: initial reaction sequence in exercise-induced asthma

Deal, E. C.; McFadden, E. R.; Ingram, R. H.; Jaeger, J. J.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1979.46.3.476

Cited by 234 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In order to have a high sensitivity, a reduction of 10% in FEV 1 has been considered as the appropriate limit for indirect tests compared with 15%, which have traditionally been used for some of these tests (for mannitol 15%). It has been demonstrated in several studies that the sensitivity of inhaling cold dry air is greater than the response to dry air only (119)(120)(121)(122) including one recent study in preschool children (123), whereas only one study has reported the opposite (124). The potency of the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea protocol recommended by the IOC Medical Commission independent panel probably relates to the use of 6 min at a target ventilation of 85% maximum voluntary ventilation (112).…”

Section: Measurement Of Bhr By Other Indirect Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise‐induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA²LEN

Carlsen

Anderson

Bjermer³

et al. 2008

Allergy

294

269

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Aims: To analyze the changes in the prevalence of asthma, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and allergies in elite athletes over the past years, to review the specific pathogenetic features of these conditions and to make recommendations for their diagnosis. Methods: The Task Force reviewed present literature by searching Medline up to November 2006 for relevant papers by the search words: asthma, bronchial responsiveness, EIB, athletes and sports. Sign criteria were used to assess level of evidence and grades of recommendation.Results: The problems of sports-related asthma and allergy are outlined. Epidemiological evidence for an increased prevalence of asthma and BHR among competitive athletes, especially in endurance sports, is provided. The mechanisms for development of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in athletes are outlined. Criteria are given for the diagnosis of asthma and exercise induced asthma in the athlete. Conclusions: The prevalence of asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness is markedly increased in athletes, especially within endurance sports. Environmental factors often contribute. Recommendations for the diagnosis of asthma in athletes are outlined.

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Section: Measurement Of Bhr By Other Indirect Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise‐induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA²LEN

Carlsen

Anderson

Bjermer³

et al. 2008

Allergy

294

269

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“…The cooling of the skin of the face seems to be the trigger for the bronchoconstriction during resting nasal ventilation at cold ambient temperature both in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J., 1995Respir J., , 8, 2088Respir J., -2093 It is well-known that hyperventilation of cold air through the mouth can induce bronchoconstriction in certain asthmatic patients [1]. The stimulus is thought to be the cooling [2] or the drying [3] of the bronchial mucosa, and these mechanisms probably, mainly, explain the enhancement of the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by cold air [4].…”

Section: Facial Cooling But Not Nasal Breathing Of Cold Air Inducesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial cooling, but not nasal breathing of cold air, induces bronchoconstriction: a study in asthmatic and healthy subjects

Koskela

Tukiainen²

1995

Eur Respir J

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Reflex-mediated bronchoconstriction in cold climates may be more important than it has previously been thought. This issue has seldom been studied using physiological methods. We wanted to investigate, using physiological methods, what triggers the bronchoconstriction occurring at cold ambient temperature during resting nasal ventilation: cooling of the skin of the face or cooling of the nasal cavity. Three experiments were carried out in 15 stable asthmatics and 10 healthy volunteers: 1) a whole-body exposure to subfreezing temperature in an environmental chamber, during which the subjects breathed cold air through the nose; 2) a similar exposure to subfreezing temperature except that the subjects now breathed warm air through the mouth from outside the chamber; and 3) nasal breathing of subfreezing air from a heat exchanger whilst the subjects sat at room temperature. Spirometric values and facial skin temperature were measured both during and after the exposures. Maximal decrements (means +/- standard errors) of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) in experiments 1, 2 and 3 were: 5.8 +/- 0.8, 5.1 +/- 0.7 and 2.1 +/- 0.5%, respectively (p < 0.001). Only the two experiments in the environmental chamber induced significant bronchoconstriction. All responses were of similar magnitude in the asthmatic and the healthy subjects. The cooling of the skin of the face seems to be the trigger for the bronchoconstriction during resting nasal ventilation at cold ambient temperature both in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects.

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“…The mechanism by which exercise causes bronchoconstriction was closely linked to the effect of airway cooling, produced by an increased heat exchange during voluntary hyperventilation with subfreezing air (39,40,(13)(14)(15)(16). Although the final pathways for exercise and CACh are not fully understood, reliable separation of adult patients with asthma from healthy controls was possible by CACh (17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Air Challenge of Airway Hyperreactivity in Children: Practical Application and Theoretical Aspects

et al. 1984

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Hyperpnea and heat flux: initial reaction sequence in exercise-induced asthma

Cited by 234 publications

References 3 publications

Facial cooling, but not nasal breathing of cold air, induces bronchoconstriction: a study in asthmatic and healthy subjects

Cold Air Challenge of Airway Hyperreactivity in Children: Practical Application and Theoretical Aspects

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