We analyzed six spirometric data sets collected in the Netherlands, Austria, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy. The objectives were to establish whether (1) it was possible to describe spirometric indices from childhood to adulthood, taking into account the adolescent growth spurt, and (2) there are systematic differences in ventilatory function between children and adolescents in different parts of Western Europe. The study comprised 2,269 girls and 3,592 boys, aged 6-21 years. The range in standing height was 110-185 in girls, 110-205 in boys. The model applicable to all data sets was ln FVC or ln FEV1 = a + (b + c x A) x H, where H = standing height and A = age; this model prevents the phase shift between the adolescent growth spurt in length and lung volume from leading to an age-dependent bias in predicted values. There was surprising agreement between most of the data sets; systematic differences are probably due to technical factors arising from ATPS-BTPS corrections and from defining the end of breath with pneumotachometer systems. Taking those into account, prediction equations for FVC, FEV1, and FEV1%FVC were developed with "lower limits of normal" which should be applicable to children and adolescents of European descent. It is proposed that the approach of analyzing available data sets should also be applied to other ventilatory indices, data collected in adults and elderly subjects, or in other ethnic groups, and that an international data base be set up to that end.

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We have undertaken a survey to establish current practices and differences in the use of bronchoscopes in children in European centres.A questionnaire was sent to all 220 members of the Paediatric Assembly of the European Respiratory Society (ERS). The questions concerned the following points: indications for bronchoscopy; site of bronchoscopy; type of sedation; any oxygen supplementation during the procedure; number of procedures performed in the previous 12 months; number of procedures performed in the neonatal intensive care unit; number of bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs); side-effects during and after the procedures; and diagnostic yield.Fifty one European centres (40.8% of the European centres contacted) took part in the study. A total of 7,446 bronchoscopies had been performed in the last 12 months: 4,587 using the flexible bronchoscope and 2,859 using the rigid bronchoscope. At centres using only the fibreoptic bronchoscope, the most frequent indication was "recurrent/persistent pneumonia" (17%); at centres using only the rigid bronchoscope, it was "foreign body inhalation" (36.7%); at centres using both methods, the most frequent indication was "other indications" (23.9%).In 12 months, 2,231 BALs were performed: 1,419 in immunocompetent children and 812 in immunocompromised patients. In centres using only the fibreoptic bronchoscope, the highest yield was for "stridor" (81%); in centres using only the rigid bronchoscope, the highest yield was for "persistent atelectasis" (68%); and in centres using both instruments, it was for "foreign body inhalation" (93%).The results of the study suggest that bronchoscopy in children is now a wellestablished procedure at several European centres, while others are just beginning to use this technique. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1761-1766 In the past, bronchial endoscopy called for the use of the rigid bronchoscope and was consequently used very infrequently in children [1]. The advent of thin and ultrathin fibreoptic bronchoscopes has considerably extended the use of this procedure [2], even in the neonatal field [3].Since there is no European survey of the highly specialized paediatric pneumology centres where rigid and flexible bronchoscopes are routinely used in children, the Paediatric Bronchology Group of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) prepared a questionnaire and sent it to all member paediatricians with a view to gaining a picture of the situation in Europe and obtaining information on the most common indications for paediatric bronchoscopy, the number of procedures performed each year, where such procedures are carried out, what type of sedation is used and what results are obtained. Materials and methodsThe questionnaire was sent in March 1995 to all 220 members of the Paediatric Assembly listed on the ERS Roster of July 1993, using the Scientific Group Code 07.01, .02, .03, .04, .05, .06 and .07. There were 172 paediatricians from 125 European centres, and 48 from 43 centres outside Europe. The questions concerned the following points: the most c...

A single recombinant molecule, rFel d 1, is at least as sensitive for in vitro diagnostics of cat allergy as the current extract-based test. Elevated IgE antibody levels to Fel d 1 are suggested to be a risk factor for asthma in cat-allergic children.

Gorham-Stout syndrome is a rare disease characterized by vascular proliferation in the bones, effecting osteolysis. When it is complicated by chylothorax, the prognosis is poor. The present case illustrates successful management of chylothorax by a combination of surgery (thoracic duct ligation and excision of lymphangiomatous tissue combined with pleurodesis) and treatment with alpha-2b interferon. Treatment in 38 published cases is reviewed.