Hypersensitive Responses in Plants

Thakur, Ankita; Verma, Shalini; Reddy, Vedukola Pulla; Sharma, D. R.

doi:10.18805/ag.r-1858

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Recent studies in resistance spot welding (RSW) of magnesium alloys have demonstrated that dissimilar RSW of magnesium AZ31 to aluminum Al5754 coated with nanostructured electrodeposited coating prevented intermetallic formation while enhancing joint strength. RSW is the most common welding technique used in the automotive industry because it is inexpensive, easily automated, and capable of producing high-quality welds [8]. The process is based on the contact resistance between the metals to be joined and the electrodes [9].…”

Section: Welding Metallurgy Of Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys: Principles and Application

Cooke¹,

Alhazaa²,

Atieh³

2020

Magnesium - The Wonder Element for Engineering/Biomedical Applications

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The growing concerns regarding fuel consumption within the aerospace and transportation industries make the development of fuel-efficient systems a significant engineering challenge. Currently, materials are selected because of their abilities to satisfy engineering demands for good thermal conductivity, strength-toweight ratio, and tensile strength. These properties make magnesium an excellent option for various industrial or biomedical applications, given that is the lightest structural metal available. The utilization of magnesium alloys, however, requires suitable welding and joining processes that minimizes microstructural changes while maintaining good joint/bond strength. Currently, magnesium are joined using; mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, brazing, fusion welding processes or diffusion bonding process. Fusion welding is the conventional process used for joining similar metals. However, the application of any welding technique to join dissimilar metals presents additional difficulties, the principal one being; the reaction of the two metals at the joint interface can create intermetallic com pounds that may have unfavorable properties and metallurgical disruptions which deteriorates the joint performance. This chapter investigates the welding and joining technologies that are currently used to join magnesium alloys with emphasis on the development of multi-material structures for applications in the biomedi cal industries. Multi-material structures often provide the most efficient design solution to engineering challenges.

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Section: Welding Metallurgy Of Magnesium Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys: Principles and Application

Cooke¹,

Alhazaa²,

Atieh³

2020

Magnesium - The Wonder Element for Engineering/Biomedical Applications

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“…During ETI, a virulencepromoting pathogen effector or its activity inside plant cells is sensed by a plant resistance (R) protein, most of which are NLR (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat) proteins (Jones et al, 2016). This recognition triggers a signaling cascade that usually culminates in a hypersensitive response (HR), a type of programmed cell death thought to contain the pathogen at the site of infection (Mukhtar et al, 2016 andThakur et al, 2019). In many pathosystems, high temperatures compromise ETI.…”

Section: Environmental Impact On Effector-triggered Immunity (Eti)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment-Pathogen Interaction in Plant Diseases

Sharma

Verma

2019

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nvironment is an important aspect of plant ecology and global environmental change is of major concern that is caused by natural and human activities which alter greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. The increase in concentration of greenhouse gases is foreseen to continue to raise average global temperature. Elevated concentration of carbon dioxide with increased temperature influences the plant-disease interactions. The environment has an influence over the development as well as temporal and spatial dissemination of plant diseases. The result of change in environment can either be favorable, non favorable or impartial, as these changes can either lessen, expand or have no influence on diseases as each disease may be attributed differently to these variations in accordance to an area or time of year. Variation in environmental conditions is said to be influencing plants in natural ecosystems all around the world and change in climate directly impacts crops, along with their synergy in accordance with the microbial population. The important elements governing magnification and spread of plant diseases are temperature, moisture, light and carbon dioxide concentration. Environment change causes a significant impact on germination, reproduction, sporulation, spore dispersal, along with perforation by pathogens as a vulnerable host will not be invaded by a pernicious pathogen if the environmental conditions are not facilitative for disease. The environment influences all life stages of host as well as that of a pathogen and as a result induces an opposition to various pathosystems. Resistance mechanisms of plants, including effector-triggered immunity (ETI), pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defence network of hormones, are particularly influenced by environmental elements. Pathogenic virulence mechanisms like fabrication of virulence proteins and toxins, and also spore germination and survival are governed by factors such as atmospheric carbon dioxide, temperature and humidity. A large number of in-vitro experiments to understand interactions between plants and pathogens rely on predetermined pathosystems by making use of ascertained environmental conditions which take into consideration relatively small part of vital plant–pathogen–environment interactions occurring in natural ecosystem. Thus, there is a need to research effectiveness of disease management strategies that is, to assess current management strategies to understand multifaceted nature of environment-pathogen interactions for production of crops that are irrepressible to environment change.

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“…This recognition triggers a rapid and robust defense response, the so‐called effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) (Jones & Dangl, 2006). ETI is often accompanied by a hypersensitive response (HR) at the infection site, a form of programmed cell death (Thakur et al., 2019). However, some PAMPs (e.g., the bacterial Harpin HrpZ protein) can also induce HR in plants (Chang & Nick, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphate‐induced resistance to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis

et al. 2022

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In nature, plants are concurrently exposed to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. Our understanding of convergence points between responses to combined biotic/abiotic stress pathways remains, however, rudimentary. Here we show that MIR399 overexpression, loss-of-function of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2), or treatment with high phosphate (Pi) levels is accompanied by an increase in Pi content and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Arabidopsis thaliana. High Pi plants (e.g., miR399 overexpressors, pho2 mutants, and plants grown under high Pi supply) exhibited resistance to infection by necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens. In the absence of pathogen infection, the expression levels of genes in the salicylic acid (SA)-and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent signaling pathways were higher in high Pi plants compared to wild-type plants grown under control conditions, which is consistent with increased levels of SA and JA in non-infected high Pi plants. During infection, an opposite regulation in the two branches of the JA pathway (ERF1/PDF1.2 and MYC2/VSP2) occurs in high Pi plants. Thus, while pathogen infection induces PDF1.2 expression in miR399 OE and pho2 plants, VSP2 expression is downregulated by pathogen infection in these plants. This study supports the notion that Pi accumulation promotes resistance to infection by fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis, while providing a basis to better understand interactions between Pi signaling and hormonal signaling pathways for modulation of plant immune responses.

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Hypersensitive Responses in Plants

Abstract: structurAl hyp e r s e n s I t I v e r e s p o n s eHR is considered a biochemical reaction rather than a structural defense mechanism but can be described REVIEW ARTICLE

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys: Principles and Application

Dissimilar Welding and Joining of Magnesium Alloys: Principles and Application

Environment-Pathogen Interaction in Plant Diseases

Phosphate‐induced resistance to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis

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