Hypertension: a disorder of volume control? what is the evidence?

Kidney Dysfunction and Hypertension: Role for Cadmium, P450 and Heme Oxygenases?

“…In the Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats, a blunted pressurenatriuresis is due to increased sodium uptake in the thick ascending loop of Henle (Roman 1986). Collectively, these observations link renal handling of sodium and water with an expression of high blood pressure levels (Rossier et al 2002;Firsov 2004;Morrison and Mindel 2004). We thus summarize below an update of the knowledge on renal specific transporters responsible for sodium reabsorption and excretion.…”

“…Several sodium transporters involving in the entry and exit of Na + in these segments of renal tubule have now been identified and characterised. These are Na + /K + -ATPase, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na + -K + -Cl co-transporter (Matsubara 2000;Morrison and Mindel 2004). The ENaC is mainly responsible for Na + reabsorption in the connecting tubule, which retains sodium in response to a fall in daily salt intake.…”

Experimental Metabonomic Model of Dietary Variation and Stress Interactions

“…A growing awareness of the impact of diet and nutrition, combined with healthy lifestyle and efficient stress management, on the health and well-being of human populations has led to a rising number of experimental studies on the interactive effects of various dietary components and stresses. It has been reported that stress leads to elevation of hormones, such as the glucocorticoids and catecholamines. − Although the presence of these hormones is essential for accommodating acute stress, it has been suggested that there is at least an association between long-term exposure to high levels of these stress hormones and the development of multiple forms of chronic illness, such as muscle atrophy, insulin resistance, and risk of steroid-induced diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, arterial disease, and the impairment of growth and tissue repair, as well as immune suppression. , …”