Hypertension and COVID-19: Ongoing Controversies

Tadić, Marijana; Saeed, Sahrai; Grassı, Guıdo; Taddei, Stefano; Mancia, Giuseppe; Cuspidi, Cesare

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.639222

Cited by 49 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Interpretation of the data from the beginning of the pandemic, and partially confirmed later, revealed that the main risk factors for admission to intensive care with a fatal outcome were advanced age [ 6 ], male sex [ 7 ], smoking [ 8 ], obesity [ 9 , 10 ], hypertension [ 11 ], diabetes mellitus [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ], lung disease [ 16 ], cancer [ 17 , 18 ], and cardiovascular disease [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an emerging viral disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which leads to severe respiratory infections in humans. The first reports came in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei in China. It was immediately clear that children developed a milder disease than adults. The reasons for the milder course of the disease were attributed to several factors: innate immunity, difference in ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) receptor expression, and previous infections with other common coronaviruses (CovH). This literature review aims to summarize aspects of innate immunity by focusing on the role of ACE2 expression and viral infections in children in modulating the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles deemed potentially eligible were considered, including those dealing with COVID-19 in children and providing more up-to-date and significant data in terms of epidemiology, prognosis, course, and symptoms, focusing on the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease in children. The bibliographic search was conducted using the search engines PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were entered in PubMed and Scopus: COVID-19 AND ACE2 AND Children; COVID-19 AND Immunity innate AND children. The search identified 857 records, and 18 studies were applicable based on inclusion and exclusion criteria that addressed the issues of COVID-19 concerning the role of ACE2 expression in children. The scientific literature agrees that children develop milder COVID-19 disease than adults. Milder symptomatology could be attributed to innate immunity or previous CovH virus infections, while it is not yet fully understood how the differential expression of ACE2 in children could contribute to milder disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

et al. 2021

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“…CCBs act through the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells, which results in vasodilation and thereby reduces blood pressure. Hypertension is a comorbidity often seen in severe COVID-19 disease and is linked to poor clinical outcomes in elderly populations [ 7 , 8 , 10 ]. The research discussed suggests there may be some benefit from the use of dihydropyridine CCB in the prevention of severe COVID-19 disease.…”

Section: Targeting Covid-19 Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While varying respiratory symptoms are the common clinical manifestations of disease, cardiovascular events, including myocarditis, arrhythmias, heart failure, and ischemic stroke, have been reported in multiple studies [ 6 , 7 ]. Similar to other respiratory infections, those with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or its risk factors are at a higher risk for developing severe COVID-19, where disease onset can cause a further decline of cardiac pathologies as well as trigger acute onset of new cardiac complications [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acute cardiac injury (52%) was the most prevalent CVD among COVID-19 patients, followed by hypertension (51%), arrhythmia (37%), heart failure (27%), coronary heart disease (23%), and other CVDs (23%). Among patients that are hospitalized with COVID-19, the CVD risk factors of hypertension and diabetes mellitus are the most prevalent comorbidities [ 7 , 10 ]. Similarly, in a cohort of 5,700 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, Richardson et al [ 8 ] found that 56.6% had hypertension, 41.7% were obese, and 33.8% suffered from diabetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pharmacotherapeutic agents for the management of COVID-19 patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease

Khan

Singh

Abrar

et al. 2021

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

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Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the largest public health challenge of the twenty-first century. While COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, manifesting as interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also has implications for the cardiovascular system. Moreover, those admitted to hospital with severe COVID-19 are more likely to have cardiovascular comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The underlying pathophysiology of why COVID-19 onset can further decline cardiac pathologies as well as trigger acute onset of new cardiac complications is not yet well understood. Areas covered In this review, the authors extensively review literature focused on the current understanding and approaches of managing patients who have underlying cardiovascular diseases and concomitant COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, the authors explore the possible cardiovascular implications of the suggested COVID-19 therapeutic agents that are used to treat this lethal disease. Expert opinion Current evidence is evolving around the many trialed pharmacotherapeutic considerations for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with cardiovascular disease. While we await such data, clinicians should advocate for careful consideration of all concomitant medications for those presenting with COVID-19 on a patient-by-patient basis.

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“…Hypertension; a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated, has been recognized as one of the most frequent comorbidities and risk factors for the seriousness and adverse consequences in COVID-19 patients [1] . Several drug classes have been used for the treatment of high blood pressure such as angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors, diuretics, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and others [2] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of novel calcium channel blockers with ACE2 inhibition and dual antihypertensive/anti-inflammatory effects: A possible therapeutic tool for COVID-19

Mahgoub

El-Sayed

Shehry

et al. 2021

Bioorganic Chemistry

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Hypertension and COVID-19: Ongoing Controversies

Cited by 49 publications

References 35 publications

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Pharmacotherapeutic agents for the management of COVID-19 patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease

Synthesis of novel calcium channel blockers with ACE2 inhibition and dual antihypertensive/anti-inflammatory effects: A possible therapeutic tool for COVID-19

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