Hypnosis: Physiological, Pharmacological Reality

Ulett, George A.; Akpinar, S; Turan, M.

doi:10.1176/ajp.128.7.799

Cited by 40 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Our findings agree with the latter view. In our previous studies (which differ from the present inasmuch as we analyzed the E E G sepa rately in good and poor hypnosis subjects during two different stages o f hypno sis; Ulett et al, 1972), we saw that during trance induction good (hypnotizable) subjects showed a decrease o f slow waves and an increase o f alpha and slow beta waves, while the poor subjects exhibited just opposite findings. During trance testing, both groups showed an increase o f slow waves.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Hypno-Analgesia and Acupuncture Analgesia: a Neurophysiological Reality?

Saletu¹,

Saletu²,

Brown³

et al. 1975

Neuropsychobiology

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The effects of hypnosis, acupuncture and analgesic drugs on the subjective experience of pain and on objective neurophysiological parameters were investigated. Pain was produced by brief electric stimuli on the wrist. Pain challengers were: hypnosis (induced by two different video tapes), acupuncture (at specific and unspecific loci, with and without electrical stimulation of the needles), morphine and ketamine. Evaluation of clinical parameters included the subjective experience of pain intensity, blood pressure, pulse, temperature, psychosomatic symptoms and side effects. Neurophysiological parameters consisted of the quantitatively analyzed EEG and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). Pain was significantly reduced by hypnosis, morphine and ketamine, but not during the control session. Of the four acupuncture techniques, only electro-acupuncture at specific loci significantly decreased pain. The EEG changes during hypnosis were dependent on the wording of the suggestion and were characterized by an increase of slow and a decrease of fast waves. Acupuncture induced just the opposite changes, which were most significant when needles were inserted at traditional specific sites and stimulated electrically. The evoked potential findings suggested that ketamine attenuates pain in the thalamocortical pathways, while hypnosis, acupuncture and morphine induce analgesia at the later CNS stage of stimulus processing. Finally some clinical-neurophysiological correlations were explored.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Hypno-Analgesia and Acupuncture Analgesia: a Neurophysiological Reality?

Saletu¹,

Saletu²,

Brown³

et al. 1975

Neuropsychobiology

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“…There is evidence for a higher proportion of occipital alpha waves in high suggestibles as compared to lows (e.g. London et al, 1968;Bakan and Svorad, 1969;Engstrom et al, 1970;Ulett et al, 1972;Morgan et al, 1974;Edmonston and Grotevant, 1975), but this fi nding was not replicated by some other studies (Barabasz, 1983;Perlini and Spanos, 1991).…”

Section: Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Several authors reported an increase of the power in the theta frequency band (Tebecis et al, 1975;Crawford, 1990;Sabourin et al, 1990;Graffi n et al, 1995;De Pascalis et al, 1998). In contrast to meditation, increased beta activity in the right occipital cortex was measured (Ulett et al, 1972) and a signifi cant power increase in the right parietal region . In addition, there is evidence for an increase in the gamma band power around 40 Hz -more pronounced over the right than the left hemisphere (De Pascalis et al, 1998) and in the parieto-midline-to-right temporal areas (Schnyer and Allen, 1995).…”

Section: Hypnosismentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasticity changes in the brain in hypnosis and meditation

Halsband

Mueller

Hinterberger

et al. 2009

Contemporary Hypnosis

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Neuroscientifi c evidence interprets both hypnotic trance induction and different meditation traditions as modifi ed states of consciousness that emphasize attention, concentration and the letting go of thoughts, but they differ in terms of sensory input, processing, memory, and the sense of time. Furthermore, hypnosis is based on the suggestibility of a person and meditation on mindfulness; therefore it is not surprising to fi nd differential brain plasticity changes. We analysed shared and non-shared neural substrates using electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Most pronounced EEG changes were in deep as compared to light hypnosis (step-by-step induction) and in arm levitation where suggested movement was perceived as external. In a within-subject-design changes in brain activity during hypnosis and Tibetan Buddhist meditation were compared. High amplitudes in alpha frequency bands were most pronounced with meditation at frontal positions and with hypnosis in central and temporal locations. Signifi cantly greater activity in theta 2 band was observed only with hypnosis in both hemispheres. PET cerebral activation patterns of imagery-mediated learning were analysed in hypnosis in a withinsubject-design. Compared with baseline the learning of high-imagery words was associated with (i) more pronounced bilateral activation in the occipital cortex and prefrontal areas and (ii) improved memory performance. Visual illusion in hypnosis was studied with fMRI, analysed with Granger Causality Mapping, showing changes in the effective connectivity relations of fusiform gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex and intraparietal sulcus. Little is known about the neurobiological basis of the process of enhancing cognitive and emotional traits in meditation. In a longitudinal fMRI study attention abilities through intensive Soto-Zen meditation were investigated before (baseline), after training (6 months) and at follow-up (9 months). After six months differences were observed in the left inferior and left superior frontal gyrus; after 9 months activations in the left precuneus. Taken together, the fi ndings advance understanding of the neural mechanisms that underlie hypnosis and meditation. Further studies with a greater sample size are needed to explore the differences and commonalities of hypnosis and different meditation techniques.

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“…Higher power in the theta frequency band in high than low hypnotizables was reported by several groups [8][9][10][11][12], but no difference was found by others [13,14]. Power differences in other frequency bands were reported less often; more beta activity occipitally right was found in high than low hypnotizables [15] and a positive correlation between hypnotizability and 20-60 Hz activity [16] was reported, while as early as 1971, more power in all bands was reported for high hypnotizables [17]. More gamma band power (around 40 Hz) was found occipitally in high than low hypnotizables [18]; more specifically, more gamma power over right than left hemispheric areas [12] and more gamma power at parieto-midline-to-right temporal areas [19] was reported for high than low hypnotizables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

EEG Source Localization and Global Dimensional Complexity in High- and Low- Hypnotizable Subjects: A Pilot Study

Isotani

Lehmann²,

Pascual-Marqui³

et al. 2001

Neuropsychobiology

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Individuals differ in hypnotizability. Information on hypnotizability-related EEG characteristics is controversial and incomplete, particularly on intracerebral source localization and EEG dimensionality. 19-channel, eyes-closed resting EEGs from right-handed, healthy, 8 high- and 4 low-hynotizable subjects (age: 26.7 ± 7.3 years) were analyzed. Hypnotizability was rated after the subjects’ ability to attain a deep hypnotic stage (amnesia). FFT Dipole Approximation analysis in seven EEG frequency bands showed significant differences (p < 0.04) of source gravity center locations for theta (6.5–8 Hz, more posterior and more left for highs), beta-1 and beta-2 frequencies (12.5–18 and 18.5–21 Hz; both more posterior and more right for highs). Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA) specified the cortical anteriorization of beta-1 and beta-2 in low hypnotizables. Power spectral analysis of Global Field Power time series (curves) showed no overall power differences in any band. Full-band Global Dimensional Complexity was higher in high-hypnotizable subjects (p < 0.02). Thus, before hypnosis, high and low hypnotizables were in different brain electric states, with more posterior brain activity gravity centers (excitatory right, routine or relaxation left) and higher dimensional complexity (higher arousal) in high than low hypnotizables.

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Hypnosis: Physiological, Pharmacological Reality

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

Hypno-Analgesia and Acupuncture Analgesia: a Neurophysiological Reality?

Hypno-Analgesia and Acupuncture Analgesia: a Neurophysiological Reality?

Plasticity changes in the brain in hypnosis and meditation

EEG Source Localization and Global Dimensional Complexity in High- and Low- Hypnotizable Subjects: A Pilot Study

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