Hypoalbuminemia in patients following their recovery from severe coronavirus disease 2019

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a contagious virus that has spread to more than 200 countries, territories, and regions. Thousands of studies to date have examined all aspects of this disease, yet little is known about the postrecovery status of patients, especially in the long term. Here, we examined erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum albumin biomarkers in patients with a history of severe and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 following their recovery. In patients with severe COVID-19 serum albumin had a strong negative correlation with both ESR and CRP levels (R 2 = − 0.861 and R 2 = − 0.711), respectively. Also, there was a positive correlation between ESR and CRP level (R 2 = 0.85) in the same group. However, there was no correlation between these biomarkers among mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients. In addition, no correlation was recorded between the severe and mild-to-moderate COVID-19 groups. This finding highlights the sustained elevation of ESR and CRP level and reduced serum albumin level that may persist postrecovery in patients with a history of severe COVID-19.

The Impact of Serum Albumin Levels on COVID-19 Mortality

“…Both demonstrated that a reduction of SA concentration could be a predictor for death or progression in COVID-19 patients with hypoalbuminemia [ 21 , 22 ], whereas other studies observed that the normalization of SA may be also associated with a good prognosis [ 23 ]. Ali et al demonstrated that hypoalbuminemia may persist post recovery in patients with a history of severe COVID-19 [ 24 ]. These studies confirm the prognostic role on SA in COVID-19.…”

Serum troponin, D‐dimer, and CRP level in severe coronavirus (COVID‐19) patients

“…When the two target genes (ORF1ab and E) tested positive by specific real-time RT-PCR, a cycle threshold value (Ctvalue) ≤ 36.7 was defined as a positive result and a Ctvalue of greater than 36.7 was defined as a negative result. 16,17 Ct-value is a semi-quantitative assessment that can widely show the concentration of viral genetic material in the patient samples following testing by RT-PCR. A low Ct-value indicates a high concentration of viral genetic material, which is typically associated with a high risk of severity, but a high Ct-value indicates a low concentration of viral genetic material which is typically associated with a lower risk of the disease severity.…”

SARS-CoV-2 and the central nervous system: Emerging insights into hemorrhage-associated neurological consequences and therapeutic considerations

“…Some of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs acting as the inhibitor of the coagulation factor Xa are apixaban (clinical trial: NCT03907046), dabigatran (Pradaxa®), and rivaroxaban (Xarelto®) ( Chen et al, 2020 ). Because persistently high levels of inflammatory biomarkers in the blood have been detected in the recovery stage of COVID patients ( Ali et al, 2021 ), it will be important to determine whether such chronic inflammations can induce stress granule formation in the brain, as it often does under other stress response conditions ( Herman et al, 2019 ). Statins, minocycline, and melatonin are the most commonly administered anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat the neuroinflammation in the CNS ( Kaelber et al, 2016 ).…”