Hypocholesterolemia and Affective Disorders

Glueck, Charles J.; Tieger, Murray; Kunkel, Robert; Hamer, Tracey; Tracy, Trent; Speirs, James

doi:10.1097/00000441-199430840-00002

Cited by 65 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Some results suggested an atherogenic profile characterized by low HDL-C and/or higher LDL-C to be related to higher depressive symptoms. 20, 22, 25, 33, 35, 36 Others found that depression was related to both low LDL-C and/or HDL-C, 18, 19, 32 and a third group found no association between depression and TC, HDL-C or LDL-C. 23, 27, 28, 30 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, research findings from observational and intervention studies have been inconsistent ranging from direct to inverse and often null associations between total cholesterol (TC) and depressive symptoms or depression. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51 These inconsistencies may reflect the complexity of such an association, although variations in methodology (for example, study design, measures used to assess depressive symptoms and types of covariates assessed as confounders) along with sample selection characteristics (for example, age, ethnic background and dietary patterns) may explain some discrepancies. Moreover, other serum lipid components, namely triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) may determine the development of depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, other serum lipid components, namely triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) may determine the development of depression. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 48, 49 However, few population-based studies have examined associations between lipid markers and depressive symptoms among middle-aged or older adults, using a prospective cohort design 40, 46, 47, 48 and none so far have tested reverse causality within the same cohort study. In a recent study using Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) longitudinal data, we found a putative protective effect of a higher n-3:n-6 fatty acid ratio on the change in Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scores over time among women only.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total serum cholesterol, atherogenic indices and their longitudinal association with depressive symptoms among US adults

Beydoun

Dore

et al. 2015

Transl Psychiatry

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Serum cholesterol, both total and lipoprotein fractions, has been associated with mid- and late-life depression. Using longitudinal data on a large and ethnically diverse sample of urban adults, the associations of serum lipid profile measured by high or low total cholesterol (TC; >200 mg dl−1; <160 mg dl−1) and by atherogenic indices, namely high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol relative to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with change in total and domain-specific depressive symptoms over time were examined. Findings were compared by sex. (Hypothesis 1) In addition, baseline depressive symptoms as predictors for longitudinal change in lipid profile trajectory were tested. (Hypothesis 2) Mixed-effects regression analyses stratified by sex was used. Sample sizes of participants (n) and repeated observations (n') were: Hypothesis 1 (Men: n=826 ; n'=1319; Women: n=1099 ; n'=1817); Hypothesis 2 (Men: n=738; n'=1230; Women: n=964; n'=1678). As hypothesized, a higher level of atherogenic indices was linked to faster increase in depressive symptom scores, particularly depressed affect and interpersonal problems, though this relationship was found only among women. Among men a U-shaped relationship between baseline TC and longitudinal increase in somatic complaints and a direct link between low TC and longitudinal putative improvement in positive affect was found. On excluding statin users among women, low TC was associated with slower increase in depressed affect over time, whereas high TC was associated with faster increase in interpersonal problems. In summary, atherogenic indices were directly linked to faster increase in depressive symptoms among women only. More studies are needed to explain these sex-specific associations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total serum cholesterol, atherogenic indices and their longitudinal association with depressive symptoms among US adults

Beydoun

Dore

et al. 2015

Transl Psychiatry

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“…Although some studies suggest no association between cholesterol and depression or depressive symptoms (Deisenhammer et al, 2004), several studies have found low or lowered LDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol to predict increased risk of depression and suicidal behaviour (Borgherini, Dorz, Conforti, Scarso, & Magni, 2002; Terao et al, 2000). Early findings on the association between triglycerides and depressive symptoms, on the other hand, suggest that low triglycerides may be associated with less depressive symptoms (Glueck, Kuller et al, 1994; Glueck, Tieger et al, 1994). Recently some studies have found similar positive associations between depression or depressive symptoms and elevated triglycerides but not with other lipids (Almeida et al, 2007; Glueck, Kuller et al, 1994; Glueck, Tieger et al, 1994; Toker, Shirom, Shapira, Berliner, & Melamed, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also null findings have been reported (Blazer, Burchett, & Fillenbaum, 2002; Brown, 1995; Ergun et al, 2004). There is also evidence suggesting positive association between high triglycerides and depression, bipolar disorders or affective disorders (Ergun et al, 2004; Glueck, Tieger et al, 1994; Lehto et al, 2008; Sagud et al, 2009). For instance, Almeida et al (Almeida et al, 2007) showed that high triglycerides, but not other lipids, may be associated with depression in older men.…”

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confidence: 99%

Lipid trajectories as predictors of depressive symptoms: The Young Finns Study.

Elovainio¹,

Pulkki-Råbäck²,

Kivimäki³

et al. 2010

Health Psychology

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Objective The aim of this study was to identify common trajectories of lipid levels across childhood and early adulthood life span. Design The sample was a subpopulation of 824 young adults (3 – 9 years at baseline in 1980) of the on-going population-based prospective Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Lipid levels were determined in 1980, 1983, 1986 and 2001. Main outcome measures Depressive symptoms were assessed using a modified version of Beck’s Depression Inventory in 1992 and 2001. Results The two triglycerides trajectories (steeply vs moderately increasing) were differently related to depressive symptoms in adulthood. The trajectory showing steep increase over time was associated with higher level of depressive symptoms (mean 2.18, 95% CI 2.08 - 2.28 vs 1.99, 95% CI 1.95–2.04). This relationship persisted after adjustments for various risk factors. These triglycerides trajectories accounted for part of the association between high BMI and depressive symptoms. Conclusion A pattern of steeply increasing triglyceride levels throughout childhood and adulthood may be associated with increased the risk of depressive symptoms in adulthood. This pattern may also be one link between obesity and depressive symptoms.

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Lipid Analysis for Important Clinical Conditions

Leary

Carlson

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Lipid analyses are primarily used for determining the risk of diseases resulting from atherosclerosis, including coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. These disorders are often marked by hyperlipidemia, with increased serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and apolipoprotein (Apo) B, but decreased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and Apo A‐I. For use in risk assessment, serum cholesterol, LDL‐C and HDL‐C cut‐points have been derived from epidemiological data from several nations. The acceptance of these cut‐points, coupled with the remarkable heterogeneity of lipoproteins, has made standardization of cholesterol analytical procedures essential. An international network of laboratories (the Cholesterol Reference Method Laboratory Network (CRMLN)) coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) was formed to address this issue. Thus, several reference methods have been adopted and are used to standardize and certify the commercial reagents for lipid assays for use in the routine clinical laboratory. Other standardization efforts include those by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, World Health Organization (WHO) and CDC on Apos or lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)). In addition to analytical standardization, it is important to standardize preanalytical procedures, and to be aware of potential biological variability. In the 1980s and 1990s, significant advances have been made in the procedures for routine analysis of lipids and lipoproteins. The analyses have become much more precise and efficient, frequently performed in automated analyzers using small sample volumes. A variety of enzymatic methods for cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) measurements are in current use. HDL‐C is generally determined after precipitation of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL). LDL‐C is calculated from the difference between total cholesterol (TC), and the sum of HDL‐C and a total TG‐derived estimate of the very low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‐C) (the Friedewald equation). Several direct methods for measurement of LDL‐C and HDL‐C have been introduced with improvement in performance and labor efficiency, Apo B which is associated with LDL in equimolar ratio and Apo A‐I which is associated with high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) may be measured in conjunction with LDL‐C and HDL‐C or used in their place for clinical assessment. Other important lipid measurements include the C and E Apos, Lp(a), TG‐rich remnant lipoproteins, lipoprotein particle size and markers of oxidative stress.

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Hypocholesterolemia and Affective Disorders

Cited by 65 publications

References 48 publications

Total serum cholesterol, atherogenic indices and their longitudinal association with depressive symptoms among US adults

Total serum cholesterol, atherogenic indices and their longitudinal association with depressive symptoms among US adults

Lipid trajectories as predictors of depressive symptoms: The Young Finns Study.

Lipid Analysis for Important Clinical Conditions

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