Hypoglycemic Effects in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats of the Phenolic Extract from Mongolian Oak Cups Enriched in Ellagic Acid, Kaempferol and Their Derivatives

Abstract

Our previous reports showed that crude extract prepared with 50% ethanol (ethanol crude extract, ECE) from Mongolian oak cups possessed excellent in vitro antioxidant capacities as well as inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation caused by its enrichment in phenolics, including mainly ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives. Nevertheless, few in vivo studies on antidiabetic activities of these phenolics were conducted. The present study investigated hypoglycemic effects with normal and diabetic rats being administrated orally without or with ECE at 200 and 800 mg/kg for 15 days. In normal rats, no significant differences were exhibited after ECE administration in body weight, fasting blood glucose level, levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and AST in serum, organ indexes, and levels of GSH and MDA in organs. In diabetic rats, the fasting blood glucose level, indexes of heart and liver, and levels of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum and MDA in heart tissue were significantly decreased. Moreover, HDL levels in serum and SOD activities in the four organs of diabetic rats were significantly improved after ECE administration at 800 mg/kg. Thus, in addition to inhibiting α-glucosidase, α-amylase and protein glycation reported previously, oak cups might contain novel dietary phytonutrients in preventing abnormal changes in blood glucose and lipid profile and attenuating oxidant stress in vivo. The results also implied that it is ellagic acid, kaempferol and their derivatives enriched in ECE that might play vital roles in managing type 1 as well as type 2 diabetes.

Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of New Annelated Pyrimido[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-f][1,2,4]triazines

“…The presence of the nitro group in 18j was elucidated based on the IR spectrum, which showed two characteristic absorption bands at 1390 and 1520 cm −1 due to NO 2str (as and sym), respectively. The mass spectrum of 18j displayed an ion peak at m/z 530.09 (M + , 30%) corresponding to the expected molecular formula C 24 Upon smooth cyclocondensation of compound 10 with KSCN, ethyl cyanoacetate, acetic anhydride, benzoyl chloride, and thionyl chloride, a series of pyrimido- [1,2,4]triazolo- [1,2,4]triazine derivatives (19)(20)(21)(22)(23) were obtained (Scheme 5). The 1 H-NMR spectra of these compounds showed the lack of signals corresponding to the hydrazinyl protons originally observed in 10 ( 1 H-NMR) at 4.82 and 8.32 ppm.…”

“…The two amidic C=O groups displayed different stretching bands at 1662 and 1679 cm −1 , whereas the NH and OH groups showed deuterium-exchangeable signals at 1 H-NMR broad singlets at 6.92 and 9.31 ppm, respectively. The mass spectrum of 27 displayed an intense peak at m/z 486.12 (M + , 55%) corresponding to the expected molecular formula C 23 Treatment of compound 24 with thiourea in boiling EtOH/K2CO3 solution afforded 2aminothiazole derivative 28 (Scheme 7) but produced thiazolidinone 31 upon a similar reaction with NH4SCN in refluxing EtOH. Both reactions proceeded smoothly with good yields.…”

“…Aza-heterocycles are amongst the medications which have diverse uses in the market (Figure 1). Of this class, 1,2,4-triazines [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and 1,2,4-triazoles [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], as well as pyrimidines [22,23], have been introduced in a renewed generation of medication. Due to our interest in these azines, their ligation, and modification, we revisited and continued upon our previous research projects [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] with this study.…”

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller.) Burs Extracts and Functional Compounds: UHPLC-UV-HRMS Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and Inhibitory Effects on Phytopathogenic Fungi

“…Thus, polyphenols potentially act as natural protective agents both against human oxidative stress-mediated pathologies [7], and lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage in foods [9]. Polyphenols and polyphenol-rich extracts show a broad-spectrum of biological, including antimicrobial, efficacy, both against human pathogens [10,11,12] and bacterial and fungal strains causing plant infections [13,14,15,16,17]. Phytopathogenic fungi are damaging for fruit and vegetable productive chain, causing both in field and post-harvest yield losses and food decay also finding out serious risks for consumers, because of dangerous secondary metabolites production like mycotoxins [16,17].…”

Does Rabeprazole Sodium Alleviate the Anti-diabetic Activity of Linagliptin? Drug-Drug Interaction Analysis by In vitro and In vivo Methods

“…Tail tipping method on Swiss-Albino mice [23][24][25] was utilized to measure the blood glucose level by cutting the tip of the tail through a sterile surgical blade, using ethyl chloride as a local anesthetic. The single-dose study was categorized into four groups consisting of four mice in each viz.…”