Hypomagnesemia and Poor Glycemic Control among Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background/Aim: Hypomagnesaemia has been shown to have a significant impact on both glycaemic control and diabetes complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study aims to assess the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia in T2DM patients and find the association between serum magnesium levels and outcomes relevant to glycaemic control and diabetic complications in primary care unit. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted and included 373 patients (222 males and 151 females) from primary care unit. Serum magnesium levels were measured by the colorimetric endpoint method using the Cobas C501 system. Hypomagnesaemia was determined to be a serum magnesium level <1.6 mg/dL. In addition, the following data was also obtained: patients’ characteristics, anthropometric measurements, smoking status, HbA1c, comorbidities and therapeutic management. Results: Patients’ mean age was 56.2 ± 10.8 years, 24.6% were smokers, and most were overweight or obese. About 60% have a history of hypertension, and the majority have had diabetes for more than 10 years. Their mean HbA1c level was 8.5 ± 2%. The prevalence of hypomagnesaemia was 11% (95% CI: 8%–14.6%). It was found to be significantly higher among females (adjusted OR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.2%–5.8%), patients with HbA1c ≥8% (adjusted OR: 2.4, 95%CI: 1.1%–5.5%) and patients with a history of diabetic retinopathy (adjusted OR: 2.7, 95%CI: 1.1%–7.1%). Conclusion: The study showed that hypomagnesaemia is more prevalent in females and is associated with diabetic retinopathy and poor glycaemic control. Having a sufficient magnesium level may be associated with better glycaemic control and a reduced occurrence of complications.

Association of Hypomagnesemia With Diabetic Complications

“…The study identified that one in 10 participants had low magnesium levels, with females, individuals with an HbA1c of 8%, and those with a prior diagnosis of diabetic retinal degeneration showing increased susceptibility at higher risk [16]. Notably, a substantial relationship between hypomagnesemia and HbA1c levels (p-value=0.019) was observed.…”

“…The relationship between serum magnesium levels and diabetes has been extensively studied, revealing a significant association between magnesium deficiency and various endocrine and metabolic disorders, with DM being the most common [15]. Hypomagnesemia in individuals with T2DM can result from multiple factors, including inadequate intake, diabetes-related complications such as gastroparesis and autonomic dysfunction-related diarrhea, increased glomerular hyperfiltration, renal magnesium loss, metabolic acidosis, glycosuria due to osmotic diuresis, and impaired magnesium resorption in the kidneys due to diabetes-related insulin resistance [16,17].…”

Prevalence of magnesium deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus from infection over 10 years in Iraq, Al-Diwaniyah city

“…The four main causes of hypomagnesaemia are related to the patient's environment and include decreased intake, gastrointestinal loss, renal loss, and subsequent to drugs [15,16] . A number of factors can lead to hypomagnesaemia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including insufficient intake, complications from the diabetes such as diarrhea and gastroparesis, increased glomerular hyper filtration, renal magnesium loss, metabolic acidosis, glycosuria from osmotic diuresis, and impaired magnesium resorption in the kidneys as a result of insulin resistance related to diabetes [17,18] glucose levels are the main factors influencing hypomagnesaemia, with a significant frequency of occurrence in diabetic patients. A growing body of research indicates that hypomagnesaemia is common in diabetic patients, however, the frequency varies depending on the study design.…”