Hyponatremia Secondary to Antidepressant Therapy - A Post Marketing Safety Study

Abstract

Background: Most antidepressants have been associated with hyponatremia. The risk is highest during the early stages of the treatment. Symptoms are commonly mistaken for physical complaints of old age or the underlying conditions. Speed of onset determines the risk of developing symptoms. Aims and Objectives:To establish the incidence, risk factors, time course of detection of hyponatremia complicating treatment with antidepressant therapy. Also, to objectively assess the causality, severity and preventability of hyponatremia as an adverse drug reaction. Methods:The study was carried out in collaboration between the Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, India. The source populations in our study were all the out-and in-patients on antidepressant therapy with normal serum sodium concentration meeting the eligibility criteria of the study. The assessment of causality, severity and preventability of the hyponatremia with the use of anti-depressant therapy were assessed using Naranjo's scale, Hartwig and Siegel's scale, and Schumock and Thornton's scale respectively.Results: A total of 24 cases had hyponatremia with 21 cases assessed as "probable" on Naranjo's Scale. We found a moderately strong positive correlation between the use of mirtazapine and occurrence of hyponatremia with a p value of 0.089. The use of venlafaxine also suggested a positive correlation with a p value of 0.097. Though not statistically significant we found cases reported for Milnacipran. Mean ± SD for overall time to detection of hyponatremia was 224.71 ± 117.79 days. In the univariate regression, we found SNRIs and Mirtazapine to have significant association with hyponatremia. However, none of the other factors and concomitant medications proved to have a significant association on multivariate regression analysis. Conclusion:Hyponatremia is an under recognized and potentially serious complication of antidepressant therapy. Our results provide a foundation for understanding the safety profile of antidepressants in a clinical setting of hyponatremia and its impact on suitable monitoring and treatment strategy. Journal of PharmacovigilanceJou rn a l o f P harma c o v ig il a nc e

The risk of antidepressant-induced hyponatremia: A meta-analysis of antidepressant classes and compounds

“…Generalizability of results is also impacted because of limitations in the original studies. One notable example is that several cohort studies [18,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] and case-control studies [10,23,[31][32][33] did not specify whether their patients were exposed to a single or multiple antidepressants during the study period. Our calculated effect sizes, therefore, assumed that patients only took one antidepressant during the study period, which could have translated into inflated event rates or ORs for antidepressants such as mianserin, mirtazapine, bupropion, or trazodone that are often used as add-on therapies in clinical practice.…”