Hypothiocyanite and Hypothiocyanite/Lactoferrin Mixture Exhibit Virucidal Activity In Vitro against SARS-CoV-2

Cegolon﻿﻿, Luca; Mirandola, Mattia; Salaris, Claudio; Salvati, Maria; Mastrangelo, Giuseppe; Salata, Cristiano

doi:10.3390/pathogens10020233

Cited by 30 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Since asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infected individuals are estimated to account for more than 50% of those testing positives for COVID-19 and considering the former two categories can still shed high loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the surrounding environment [7][8][9][10], face masks provide primarily a "source control", containing the expulsion of salivary mucus droplets from infected subjects, for the benefit of the community. Nonetheless, face masks also confer "personal protection", protecting the wearer from the inhalation of respiratory virions droplets [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19

Bubbico¹,

Mastrangelo

Filon

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The role of face masks to prevent and control COVID-19 is critical, especially since asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infected individuals can shed high loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the surrounding environment. In addition to being a two-way barrier to protect against virions droplets both in terms of “source control” (for the benefits of the community) and “physical protection” (for wearer), face masks also allow maintaining physiological temperatures and humidity of the nasal cavity and mouth, independently from the external environmental conditions. Beyond compromising the viral transmission speed, exposure to cold environments could have a detrimental effect on the host’s susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. The innate human immune system becomes in fact weaker with cooler nose temperatures and thus more vulnerable to viral replication. Furthermore, there is evidence that warm, humid climates are associated with reduced spread of SARS-CoV-2, while cold dry conditions favor its stability and transmissibility. In the early stage of a viral infection, a physiological body temperature in the upper airways supports the innate immune system, endorsing the muco-ciliary clearance, inhibiting, or deactivating any first settlement of viruses. Face masks are therefore strongly recommended also outdoors, especially under cold weather conditions, not only as a physical barrier against the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also to prevent the rapid cooling of the nasal mucosa and the inhibition of the human innate defense of the upper airways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19

Bubbico¹,

Mastrangelo

Filon

et al. 2021

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…The presence of lactoferrin itself and its anti-inflammatory properties perfectly harmonize with anti-viral activities. The important role of lactoferrin is to calm down the cytokine storm, which is the main cause of the rapid course of COVID-19 [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 57 , 79 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 ]. It can be also used to treat osteoporosis because it reduces osteolysis—the destruction of bone cells [ 134 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the adjuvant treatment of metronidazole in women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis BV, preparations containing a probiotic mixture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus GLA-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 in combination with bovine lactoferrin were used [ 116 ]. It is increasingly recognized that iron overload contributes to the pathogenesis of viral infection [ 117 , 118 ]. Indeed, several of the symptoms of COVID-19, which include inflammation, hypercoagulation, hyperferritinemia and immune dysfunction, are similar to the symptoms of iron overload [ 117 , 118 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is increasingly recognized that iron overload contributes to the pathogenesis of viral infection [ 117 , 118 ]. Indeed, several of the symptoms of COVID-19, which include inflammation, hypercoagulation, hyperferritinemia and immune dysfunction, are similar to the symptoms of iron overload [ 117 , 118 ]. Iron is highly chemically reactive and potentially toxic due to damage to cellular components, such as lipids (ferroptosis), nucleic acids and cellular proteins, leading to the activation of acute and chronic inflammation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective Action of L. salivarius SGL03 and Lactoferrin against COVID-19 Infections in Human Nasopharynx

Kucia¹,

Wietrak²,

Szymczak

et al. 2021

Materials

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In this study, we used live viral particles from oral secretions from 17 people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and from 17 healthy volunteers, which were plated on a suitable medium complete for all microorganisms and minimal for L. salivarius growth. Both types of media also contained an appropriately prepared vector system pGEM-5Zf (+) based on the lactose operon (beta-galactosidase system). Incubation was carried out on both types of media for 24 h with the addition of 200 μL of Salistat SGL03 solution in order to test its inhibitory effect on the coronavirus contained in the oral mucosa and nasopharynx, visible as light blue virus particles on the test plates, which gradually disappeared in the material collected from infected persons over time. Regardless of the conducted experiments, swabs were additionally taken from the nasopharynx of infected and healthy people after rinsing the throat and oral mucosa with Salistat SGL03. In both types of experiments, after 24 h of incubation on appropriate media with biological material, we did not find any virus particles. Results were also confirmed by MIC and MBC tests. Results prove that lactoferrin, as one of the ingredients of the preparation, is probably a factor that blocks the attachment of virus particles to the host cells, determining its anti-viral properties. The conducted preliminary experiments constitute a very promising model for further research on the anti-viral properties of the ingredients contained in the Salistat SGL03 dietary supplement.

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“…In the airways, thiocyanate (SCN-) is oxidized by H 2 O 2 in the presence of lactoperoxidase (LPO) to form OSCN- [ 8 , 9 ]. This system has been shown to have in vitro microbicidal activity against a wide variety of pathogens including bacteria [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], viruses [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] and fungi [ 17 ]. A comprehensive table of such organisms can be found in our review [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbicidal Activity of Hypothiocyanite against Pneumococcus

Yassine

Rada

2021

Antibiotics

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Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus, Spn) manifest in several forms such as pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis or otitis media and are associated with severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. While current vaccines and antibiotics are available to treat Spn infections, the rise of antibiotic resistance and limitations of the vaccines to only certain Spn serotypes urge the development of novel treatments against Spn. Hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) is a natural antimicrobial product produced by the body’s own innate immune system to fight a variety of pathogens. We recently showed that OSCN- is also capable of killing Spn in vitro. OSCN- is an oxidative agent attacking microbes in a nonspecific manner, is safe for the host and also has anti-inflammatory effects that make it an ideal candidate to treat a variety of infections in humans. However, OSCN- has a short life span that makes its use, dosage and administration more problematic. This minireview discusses the antimicrobial mechanism of action of OSCN- against Spn and elaborates on the potential therapeutic use of OSCN- against Spn and other infectious agents, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic approaches.

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Hypothiocyanite and Hypothiocyanite/Lactoferrin Mixture Exhibit Virucidal Activity In Vitro against SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 30 publications

References 32 publications

Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19

Community Use of Face Masks against the Spread of COVID-19

Protective Action of L. salivarius SGL03 and Lactoferrin against COVID-19 Infections in Human Nasopharynx

Microbicidal Activity of Hypothiocyanite against Pneumococcus

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