“…The well characterized hallmarks of PMN include: (a) extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling including higher matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity as well as accumulation of fibronectin, collagen, growth factors and chemoattractants; (b) immunosuppressive and proinflammatory milieu including an increase in the infiltration of bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs); and (c) higher vascular leakiness, 3,5,7,8,20,26–29 . Key molecular players in PMN preparation include MMPs, vascular endothelial growth factors, placental growth factor, tumor necrosis factor 1 alpha (TNF1α), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), and LOX 3,5–7,20,27 ; notably, hypoxia regulates the expression of several of them 20,22,30,31 . We have also reported that exosomes secreted by human PCa cells under hypoxia are loaded with several of these growth factors and cytokines (TNF1α, TGFβ, and interleukin 6) along with higher MMP (2 and 9) activity 22 .…”