“…Homework is a diffi cult variable to study directly, uncontaminated by other variables. Researchers have found that the impact of homework on students is affected by many other factors (NSW Department of Education and Communication, 2012 ), such as students' understanding of the purpose of homework (e.g., Warton, 1997 ), their attitudes toward homework, learning and achievement (e.g., Cooper, Jackson, Nye, & Lindsay, 2001 ;Corno, 2000 ;Epstein, Simon, & Salinas, 1997 ;Lange & Meaney, 2011 ;O'Rourke-Ferrara, 1998 ), and their feelings of empowerment in the design and allocation of homework tasks (e.g., Cooper & Valentine, 2001 ;Smith, 2000 ;Warton, 2001 ). However, Blazer ( 2009 ) maintained that homework itself is also infl uenced by more factors than any other instructional strategy, including student ability, motivation, grade level, variation in homework completion (e.g., when and how), and home environment (e.g., Cooper et al, 2006 ;McPherson, 2005 ).…”