“…Smith, 2001), cumulative adoption trauma (Lifton, 2002) and psychic homelessness (Hoksbergen, 1997). There is also a significant body of literature that documents the additional difficulties both same-race and transracial adoptees experience in relation to identity formation (Baden, 2016; Barn, 2018; Barn & Mansuri, 2019; Ferrari et al, 2015; Grotevant et al, 2017; Hamilton et al, 2015; Samuels, 2009). Given the unique circumstances produced by adoption, it is perhaps unsurprising that an unknown genetic history, a lack of kinship connection and not fitting well into an adoptive family might produce emotional distress, insecurity, poor mental health, attachment or adjustment problems (Barn & Mansuri, 2019; Holmgren et al, 2020; Kelly et al, 1998; Upshur & Demick, 2006).…”