<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i> infection in horses in the Netherlands

Butler, Catherine M.; Nijhof, Ard M.; Jongejan, Frans; Kolk, J. H. van der

doi:10.1136/vr.162.7.216

Cited by 46 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Limb oedema was the most delayed clinical sign in all experimentally infected horses in the study of Franzén and others (2005); it occurred in 83 per cent of naturally infected horses in the study of Butler and others (2008), but in only 50 per cent of the horses in the present study. The authors believe that the comparatively low occurrence of limb oedema among the present cases was due to their prompt treatment with oxytetracycline after the diagnosis of EGA had been established.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…Butler and others (2008) identified it in only one of six naturally infected horses, whereas Franzén and others (2005) observed ataxia in all of six experimentally infected horses, occurring on days 2 to 4 after the onset of clinical disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Pyrexia was reported to be the most constant clinical sign both in natural (Büscher and others 1984, Bermann and others 2002, Butler and others 2008) and experimental infections, and is the first sign to become apparent (Franzén and others 2005). The only afebrile horse in the present study was a five-year-old mare.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic

Jahn

Zeman²,

Bezděková

et al. 2010

Veterinary Record

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Twelve confirmed cases of equine granulocytic anaplasmosis (EGA) and five additional suspected cases, showing a compatible clinical history and specific IgG titres of 1280 or above, were recorded in the Czech Republic during the period 2002 to 2008. The diagnosis was based on clinical signs, the detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum morulae in neutrophils in blood smears, serology and molecular methods. Pyrexia (39.8 to 41.3 degrees C), depression, partial or total anorexia, limb oedema and icterus were the most frequently observed clinical abnormalities. Haematological examination revealed thrombocytopenia in all the horses, and mild anaemia and leucopenia in five of them. Several horses showed high titres of specific antibodies immediately after onset of the disease, suggesting that they had previously been exposed to A phagocytophilum. Genotyping of the A phagocytophilum strains distinguished two genetic variants, with divergence in the sequence of the ank gene of the bacterium, circulating in the Czech Republic.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic

Jahn

Zeman²,

Bezděková

et al. 2010

Veterinary Record

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“…Samples that showed a bright green fluorescence for A. phagocytophilum morulae (inclusion bodies) were subsequently diluted serially to ascribe a titre of 1:80, 1:160 or >1:320. Positive control serum from a previously confirmed clinical case (Butler et al 2008) and a negative control were included in each run. At a dilution of 1:80 it was sometimes difficult to distinguish between specific and non-specific fluorescence, therefore only titres ≥160 were considered true positives.…”

Section: Serologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to B. burgdorferi, diagnosis of clinical A. phagocytophilum infections in horses is straightforward and based on a combination of clinical signs and the detection of the agent in the blood, either microscopically in smears or via molecular tests (Butler et al 2008, Franzen et al 2005, Franzen et al 2009). While serological assays are commonly used for prevalence studies, there is as yet no established gold standard test.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and their equine hosts: A prospective clinical and diagnostic study of 47 horses following removal of a feeding tick

Butler¹,

Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan²,

Werners³

et al. 2016

PHK

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Summary: A total of 47 horses, and 120 ticks that had been removed from them, were tested for infections with the zoonotic pathogens Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum after the removal of one or more attached ticks (n = 120), which were subsequently examined for the presence of these agents. . All horses were examined at the time of tick removal and 6-12 weeks later; thirteen horses were examined again at 9-23 months after tick removal. Serology was performed using an IFAT, an ELISA and a commercially available rapid test. Initially, 45% of horses were positive for B. burgdorferi antibodies and 23% tested positive for A. phagocytophilum; 15% of horses were seropositive for both pathogens. Although seven horses showed evidence of seroconversion to Borrelia, only 1/7 showed possibly potentially associated clinical signs. On the other hand, Anaplasma seropositivity was correlated with low thrombocyte counts. Borrelia DNA was detected in 43% of the removed ticks, with a predominance of B. valaisiana. By contrast, A. phagocytophilum DNA was detected in only 1 tick.

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Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal

et al. 2013

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Piroplasmid protozoa Theileria equi and Babesia caballi and zoonotic rickettsial bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum are important agents of equine vector-borne diseases (EVBD). This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of infections with or exposure to these pathogens in horses from the north of Portugal. Blood was randomly collected from 162 horses, living in 72 different stables, to prepare Giemsa-stained slide smears. Additionally, plasma samples were tested for antibodies to T. equi and B. caballi by two competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and to A. phagocytophilum by an indirect fluorescence antibody test. Five horses were positive to T. equi by microscopy (3.1 %), three to B. caballi (1.9 %), and none to A. phagocytophilum with no horse simultaneously positive for the two piroplasms. Clinically suspect animals had a significantly higher positivity to T. equi by microscopy in comparison with the nonsuspect ones (21.4 vs. 1.4 %). Twenty-nine horses were seropositive to T. equi (17.9 %), 18 to B. caballi (11.1 %), and 21 to A. phagocytophilum (13.0 %). Combined serology and microscopy positive results to T. equi and B. caballi were 19.1 and 11.7 %, respectively, with 33.3 % of the horses found positive to at least one agent. Forty horses were positive to single agents and 14 to more than one agent. An outdoor or mixed outdoor/indoor type of housing was found to be a risk factor for the combined positivity to T. equi. Infections with T. equi, B. caballi, and A. phagocytophilum are endemic in the north of Portugal. In addition to the treatment of positive horses, preventive measures should be put in practice to reduce exposure to and infection with agents of EVBD.

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Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in horses in the Netherlands

Cited by 46 publications

References 20 publications

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic

Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis in the Czech Republic

Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks and their equine hosts: A prospective clinical and diagnostic study of 47 horses following removal of a feeding tick

Prevalence of Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in horses from the north of Portugal

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