<i>Candida</i>Biofilms: an Update

Ramage, Gordon; Saville, Stephen P.; Thomas, Derek P.; López-Ribot, José L.

doi:10.1128/ec.4.4.633-638.2005

Cited by 632 publications

(521 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…In fact, the cord/thread acts as a wick to allow microbes to travel by capillary action and enter the endometrial cavity. Among different microbes reported earlier by our group [5], the emergence of Candida species notably, C. albicans, an opportunistic pathogen in these infected IUDs are of serious concern [11]. The differential media, Hichrom Candida agar, allows selective identifi cation of C. albicans (green color) based on color reaction and colony morphology with a high degree of accuracy (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm formation by Candida albicans isolated from intrauterine devices

et al. 2008

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Our survey revealed that infected intrauterine devices (IUDs) recovered from patients suffering from reproductive tract infections (RTIs) were tainted with Candida biofi lm composed of a single or multiple species. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of C. albicans biofi lm topography showed that it consists of a dense network of mono-or multilayer of cells embedded within the matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images depicted that C. albicans biofi lms have a highly heterogeneous architecture composed of cellular and noncellular elements with EPS distributed in the cell-surface periphery or at cell-cell interface. Biochemical analysis showed that EPS produced by C. albicans biofi lm contained signifi cantly reduced total carbohydrate (40%), protein (5%) and enhanced amount of hexosamine (4%) in contrast to its planktonic counterparts. The in vitro activity of antifungal agents amphotericin B, nystatin, fl uconazole and chlorhexidine against pre-formed C. albicans biofi lm, assessed using XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay revealed increased resistance of these infectious biofi lm (50% reduction in metabolic activity at a concentration of 8, 16, 64, 128 μg/ml respectively) in comparison to its planktonic form.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm formation by Candida albicans isolated from intrauterine devices

et al. 2008

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“…(Costerton et al ., 1999; Davey and O'Toole G, 2000) . Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen and causes systemic infections predominantly by contaminating implant devices such as pacemakers, endotracheal tubes, contact lenses, penile implants, intrauterine devices and catheters (Ramage et al ., 2005; Sardi et al ., 2013). Candida albicans biofilms contain cells in three development stages viz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of 7‐benzyloxyindole and other halogenated indoles to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm and hyphal formation

Manoharan

Lee

2018

Microbial Biotechnology

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SummaryCertain pathogenic bacteria and yeast form biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces including medical devices and implants. Hence, the development of antibiofilm coating materials becomes relevant. The virulence of those colonizing pathogens can be reduced by inhibiting biofilm formation rather than killing pathogens using excessive amounts of antimicrobials, which is touted as one of the main reasons for the development of drug resistance. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen, and the transition of yeast cells to hyphal cells is believed to be a crucial virulence factor. Previous studies have shown that indole and its derivatives possess antivirulence properties against various bacterial pathogens. In this study, we used various indole derivatives to investigate biofilm‐inhibiting activity against C. albicans. Our study revealed that 7‐benzyloxyindole, 4‐fluoroindole and 5‐iodoindole effectively inhibited biofilm formation compared to the antifungal agent fluconazole. Particularly, 7‐benzyloxyindole at 0.02 mM (4.5 μg ml−1) significantly reduced C. albicans biofilm formation, but had no effect on planktonic cells, and this finding was confirmed by a 2,3‐bis‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide (XTT) assay and three‐dimensional confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that 7‐benzyloxyindole effectively inhibited hyphal formation, which explains biofilm inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 7‐benzyloxyindole downregulated the expressions of several hypha/biofilm‐related genes (ALS3,ECE1,HWP1 and RBT1). A C. albicans‐infected Caenorhabditis elegans model system was used to confirm the antivirulence efficacy of 7‐benzyloxyindole.

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“…Many different groups of investigators have demonstrated that fungal biofilms show increased levels of resistance against various classes of antifungal drugs, most notably azoles and polyenes 6 . This resistance is likely multifactorial and, among other mechanisms, may be due to i) high cellular density within the biofilm; ii) the protective effect of the biofilm exopolymeric material; iii) differential expression of genes linked to resistance, including those encoding efflux pumps; and iv) presence of a subpopulation of "persister" cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of fungal biofilms, models used by different groups of investigators include the use of catheter disks, sheets and tubing from a variety of materials normally placed inside some type of sterile receptacle, glass and plastic slides, a perfused biofilm fermentor, microfermentors, cylindrical cellulose filters, acrylic strips and discs, germanium substratum, tissue culture flasks, syringes, modified Robbins devices, the Calgary biofilm device, the CDC reactor, etc., also including both biofilms formed under static and flow-through conditions [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] . Perhaps with the exception of the Calgary biofilm device, most of these models are complex, technically demanding and generally not amenable to high throughput screening since relatively few equivalent biofilms can be produced at the same time 6 . Here, we describe a rapid and robust 96 well microtiter plate model for the formation of fungal biofilms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms and its application to antifungal susceptibility testing

et al. 2008

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The incidence of fungal infections has increased significantly over the past decades. Very often these infections are associated with biofilm formation on implanted biomaterials and/or host surfaces. This has important clinical implications since fungal biofilms display properties that are dramatically different from planktonic (free-living) populations, including increased resistance to antifungal agents. Here we describe a rapid and highly reproducible 96 well microtiter-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms which is easily adaptable for antifungal susceptibility testing. This model is based on the ability of metabolically active sessile cells to reduce a tetrazolium salt (XTT) to water-soluble orange formazan compounds, the intensity of which can then be determined using a microtiter-plate reader. The entire procedure takes approximately two days to complete. This technique simplifies biofilm formation and quantification, making it more reliable and comparable among different laboratories, a necessary step towards the standardization of antifungal susceptibility testing of biofilms.

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CandidaBiofilms: an Update

Cited by 632 publications

References 83 publications

Biofilm formation by Candida albicans isolated from intrauterine devices

Biofilm formation by Candida albicans isolated from intrauterine devices

Efficacy of 7‐benzyloxyindole and other halogenated indoles to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm and hyphal formation

A simple and reproducible 96-well plate-based method for the formation of fungal biofilms and its application to antifungal susceptibility testing

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