Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection: Their potential implication in the Etiology of Cervical Cancer

Abstract

Pathogenic bacterial strains can alter the normal function of cells and induce different levels of inflammatory responses that are connected to the development of different diseases, such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, cancer etc. Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) is an intracellular obligate gram-negative bacterium which has been connected with the cervical cancer etiology. Nevertheless, establishment of causality and the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis of cervical cancer associated with C. trachomatis remain unclear. Studies reveal the existence of C. trachomatis in cervical cancer patients. The DNA repair pathways including mismatch repair, nucleotide excision, and base excision are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can direct to the process of carcinogenesis. C. trachomatis recruits DDR proteins away from sites of DNA damage and, in this way, impedes the DDR. Therefore, by disturbing host cell-cycle control, chromatin and DDR repair, C. trachomatis makes a situation favorable for malignant transformation. Inflammation originated due to infection directs over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent oxidative DNA damage. This review may aid our current understanding of the etiology of cervical cancer in C. trachomatis-infected patients.

Gut microbiota correlates with antitumor activity in patients with mCRC and NSCLC treated with cetuximab plus avelumab

“…Therefore, novel immunotherapy strategies are urgently needed for the majority of patients with mCRC. With the advancement of molecular techniques, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) analyses focused on novel approaches for the characterization and identification of microbial communities, which play an important role in different diseases and cancers such as colon cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and gallbladder cancer 5‐10 …”

“…With the advancement of molecular techniques, nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) analyses focused on novel approaches for the characterization and identification of microbial communities, which play an important role in different diseases and cancers such as colon cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer and gallbladder cancer. [5][6][7][8][9][10] We have recently reported the results of Cetuximab-AVElumab-mCRC (CAVE-mCRC), a single-arm, phase II trial, in which the combination of cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus avelumab, an antiprogrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) mAb, was evaluated as rechallenge strategy in chemo-refractory RAS wild type (WT) mCRC patients. 11 The rationale for this combination is based on the induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by these two IgG isotype mAbs, which could enhance Natural Killer (NK) cell-mediated antitumor immune response.…”

Persistence in Chlamydia

“…In addition, unresolved respiratory C. pneumoniae infection may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [12]. Further, C. trachomatis impedes human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced mechanisms that maintain cellular and genomic integrity, and it may be linked to cervical cancer [13].…”

Chlamydia trachomatis as a Current Health Problem: Challenges and Opportunities

“…One of the plausible molecular mechanisms that explain the association between Chlamydia infection and the increased risk of cervical cancer is based on the fact that Chlamydia infection causes an inflammatory response in the host, triggering ROS, cytokines, chemokines, growth, and angiogenic factor production, which could lead to genetic instability and abnormal mitosis [ 105 , 106 ]. Hanahan reports these as hallmarks of cancer and, thus, they could be responsible for cell alteration and tumor initiation [ 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ].…”