<i>Clostridium difficile</i> Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms

Banawas, Saeed

doi:10.1155/2018/8414257

Cited by 76 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Clostridia species such as welchii and tetani respond to sulfonamides [82]. Tetracyclines, carbapenems, metronidazole, vancomycin and chloramphenicol are effective options for treatment of Clostridia infections [84].…”

Section: Clostridium Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance

Agyare¹,

Boamah²,

Zumbi³

et al. 2019

Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat

192

167

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A surge in the development and spread of antibiotic resistance has become a major cause for concern. Over the past few decades, no major new types of antibiotics have been produced and almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. The levels of multi-drug resistant bacteria have also increased. It is known that worldwide, more than 60% of all antibiotics that are produced find their use in animal production for both therapeutic and non-therapeutic purposes. The use of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry has been linked to the development and spread of resistant bacteria. Poultry products are among the highest consumed products worldwide but a lot of essential antibiotics are employed during poultry production in several countries; threatening the safety of such products (through antimicrobial residues) and the increased possibility of development and spread of microbial resistance in poultry settings. This chapter documents some of the studies on antibiotic usage in poultry farming; with specific focus on some selected bacterial species, their economic importance to poultry farming and reports of resistances of isolated species from poultry settings (farms and poultry products) to essential antibiotics.

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Section: Clostridium Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance

Agyare¹,

Boamah²,

Zumbi³

et al. 2019

Antimicrobial Resistance - A Global Threat

192

167

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many pathogens possess endogenous active CRISPR-Cas systems, which can be repurposed for self-targeting. Since C. difficile contains a naturally active CRISPR-Cas system, such a strategy could be promising for control and even treatment of C. difficile infection (CDI), in the context of recent worldwide emergence of antibiotic-resistant C. difficile strains ( Banawas, 2018 ). Phage therapy of CDI has proved to be another promising alternative, but it faces some difficulties including lack of appropriate phages ( Hargreaves and Clokie, 2014 ; Sekulovic et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Potential Applications Of C Difficile Crmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights Into Functions and Possible Applications of Clostridium difficile CRISPR-Cas System

2018

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Over the last decades the enteric bacterium Clostridium difficile (novel name Clostridioides difficile) – has emerged as an important human nosocomial pathogen. It is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea and represents a major challenge for healthcare providers. Many aspects of C. difficile pathogenesis and its evolution remain poorly understood. Efficient defense systems against phages and other genetic elements could have contributed to the success of this enteropathogen in the phage-rich gut communities. Recent studies demonstrated the presence of an active CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) subtype I-B system in C. difficile. In this mini-review, we will discuss the recent advances in characterization of original features of the C. difficile CRISPR-Cas system in laboratory and clinical strains, as well as interesting perspectives for our understanding of this defense system function and regulation in this important enteropathogen. This knowledge will pave the way for the development of promising biotechnological and therapeutic tools in the future. Possible applications for the C. difficile strain monitoring and genotyping, as well as for CRISPR-based genome editing and antimicrobials are also discussed.

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“…Clostridioides difficile is a medically important human enteropathogen that became a key public health concern over the last two decades in industrialized countries 1, 2 . This strictly anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium is a major cause of antibiotic-associated nosocomial diarrhoea in adults 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems contribute to mobile genetic elements maintenance inClostridioides difficileand can be used as a counter-selectable marker for chromosomal manipulation

Peltier

Hamiot

Garneau

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are widespread on mobile genetic elements as well as in bacterial chromosomes. According to the nature of the antitoxin and its mode of action for toxin inhibition, TA systems are subdivided into different types. The first type I TA modules were recently identified in the human enteropathogen Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile. In type I TA, synthesis of the toxin protein is prevented by the transcription of an antitoxin RNA during normal growth. Here, we report the characterization of five additional type I TA systems present within phiCD630-1 and phiCD630-2 prophage regions of C. difficile 630. Toxin genes encode 34 to 47 amino acid peptides and their ectopic expression in C. difficile induces growth arrest. Growth is restored when the antitoxin RNAs, transcribed from the opposite strand, are co-expressed together with the toxin genes. In addition, we show that type I TA modules located within the phiCD630-1 prophage contribute to its stability and mediate phiCD630-1 heritability. Type I TA systems were found to be widespread in genomes of C. difficile phages, further suggesting their functional importance. We have made use of a toxin gene from one of type I TA modules of C. difficile as a counter-selectable marker to generate an efficient mutagenesis tool for this bacterium. This tool enabled us to delete all identified toxin genes within the phiCD630-1 prophage, thus allowing investigation of the role of TA in prophage maintenance. Furthermore, we were able to delete the large 49 kb phiCD630-2 prophage region using this improved procedure.

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Clostridium difficile Infections: A Global Overview of Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Mechanisms

Cited by 76 publications

References 92 publications

Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance

Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production and Its Effects on Bacterial Resistance

New Insights Into Functions and Possible Applications of Clostridium difficile CRISPR-Cas System

Type I toxin-antitoxin systems contribute to mobile genetic elements maintenance inClostridioides difficileand can be used as a counter-selectable marker for chromosomal manipulation

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