Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides Species Complexes Associated with Apple in Brazil

Abstract

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an apple disease that concerns growers due to the increases in severity over the years and the difficulties in control. Species within the Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes cause GLS, but the proportion of species within each complex in Brazilian apple orchards is not known. The objectives of this study were to identify isolates of Colletotrichum causing GLS on apple orchards in the main Brazilian producing regions to the species level. Two hundred and seven isolates were obtained in orchards in São Paulo (SP), Parana (PR), Santa Catarina (SC), and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) states. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, and TUB2 genes were amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees were generated using a concatenated alignment. One hundred and fourteen isolates were identified as belonging to the C. acutatum species complex (Cac) and 93 to the C. gloeosporioides species complex (Cgc). Five phylogenetic species were identified: C. melonis (1.9%), C. nymphaeae (47.4%), C. paranaense (2.4%), C. limetticola (3.4%), and C. fructicola (44.9%). In SC, Cgc predominates, but in the states of SP, PR, and RS, Cac was predominant. This is the first report of C. limetticola from apple.

Antifungal Activity of Plant's Essential Oils against Post Harvest Fungal Disease of Apple Fruit

“…The Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was found as a post-harvest pathogen, which caused bitter rot disease in apple fruits. These results are supported by various researches (Grammen et al 2019;Moreira et al 2019 andVelho et al 2014). Fusarium rot and Alternaria rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternata, respectively were found during the study.…”

Efficacy and Induction Resistance of Neem Extract and Mancozeb 80 Wp on Physoderma Brown Spot and Physoderma Stalk Rot Diseases of Corn (Zea mays) caused by Physoderma Maydis in Far North Cameroon

“…In addition, plants treated with plant extracts are organic and more expensive. However, FRAC (2020) showed that mancozeb caused less risk of resistance development, but some studies have already reported several pathogens (Colletotrichum species) resistant to this multi-site fungicide (Moreira et al, 2019b). The results of the biochemical analyses obtained show that AENS stimulated the activity of enzymes (PPO, POX and Glucanase) in the corn leaves on the one hand, and increased the amount of phenolic compounds and total proteins in the corn leaves on the other hand.…”

Morphological characterization and molecular identification of Colletotrichum nymphaeae associated with Juglans regia fruit

“…The species C. nymphaeae is known to cause diseases in several species such as the glomerella leaf spot on apple trees (Mallus domestica). In this disease, the fungus attacks leaves and fruit and the symptoms appear as red-purple spots and defoliation (Moreira et al, 2019). In olive (Olea europea), C. nymphaeae attacks fruits at the beginning of their development, causing a dark brown lesion, also affecting the stalk, causing chlorosis and progressing to necrosis and, consequently, their premature fall (Antelmi et al, 2019).…”