<i>Cronobacter</i>(‘<i>Enterobacter sakazakii</i>’): current status and future prospects

Chenu, Jeremy; Cox, Julian

doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02651.x

Cited by 54 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Once the pathogen crosses the BBB and enters the brain, it might cause ventriculitis and form cysts or brain abscesses, which later may develop into hydrocephalus -a condition where excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain occurs (Bowen & Braden, 2006;Chenu & Cox, 2009). The disproportionate accumulation of CSF results in an abnormal enlargement of the spaces in the brain called ventricles.…”

Section: Cns Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it seems that the discovery of these toxins is still in its infancy, as the specific genes need to be identified to Virulence characteristics of Cronobacter shed light on the importance of these enterotoxins (Chenu & Cox, 2009). Molecular studies using genome sequencing will help with the further characterization of these toxins.…”

Section: Toxins and Proteolytic Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

105

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The genus Cronobacter consists of a diverse group of Gram-negative bacilli and comprises seven species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter universalis and Cronobacter condimenti. Cronobacter are regarded as opportunistic pathogens, and have been implicated in newborn and infant infections, causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and bacteraemia or sepsis. Cronobacter virulence is believed to be due to multiple factors. Some strains were found to produce diarrhoea or cause significant fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Two iron acquisition systems (eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA), Cronobacter plasminogen activator gene (cpa), a 17 kb type VI secretion system (T6SS), and a 27 kb filamentous haemagglutinin gene (fhaBC) and associated putative adhesins locus are harboured on a family of RepFIB-related plasmids (pESA3 and pCTU1), suggesting that these are common virulence plasmids; 98 % of 229 tested Cronobacter strains possessed these plasmids. Even though pESA3 and pCTU1 share a common backbone composed of the repA gene and eitCBAD and iucABCD/iutA gene clusters, the presence of cpa, T6SS and FHA loci depended on species, demonstrating a strong correlation with the presence of virulence traits, plasmid type and species. Other factors were observed, in that Cronobacter form biofilms, and show unusual resistance to heat, dry and acid stress growth conditions. The outer-membrane protein A is probably one of the bestcharacterized virulence markers of Cronobacter. Furthermore, it was reported that Cronobacter employ phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling, which activates protein kinase C-a and impairs the host cell's mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, in order to invade cells. Cronobacter can also use immature dendritic cells and macrophages to escape the immune response. This review addresses the various virulence and environmental-adaptive characteristics possessed by members of the genus Cronobacter.

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Section: Cns Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Toxins and Proteolytic Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Jaradat

Mousa

Elbetieha

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

105

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“…Gram-negative bacteria have been cultured from the blood of many septic patients with NEC (10). Cronobacter sakazakii, formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii, is an emerging Gramnegative opportunistic pathogen, which is a common contaminant of powdered milk and infant formulas (11)(12)(13)(14). The number of C. sakazakii-related infections has substantially increased during the past 10 years due to increased use of infant formula (15)(16)(17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recruitment of Dendritic Cells Is Responsible for Intestinal Epithelial Damage in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Cronobacter sakazakii

Emami

Mittal

Wang

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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Cronobacter sakazakii is a Gram-negative pathogen associated with the cases of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) that result from formula contamination. In a mouse model of NEC, we demonstrate that C. sakazakii infection results in epithelial damage by recruiting greater numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) than macrophages and neutrophils in the gut and suppresses DC maturation, which requires outer membrane protein A (OmpA) expression in C. sakazakii. Pretreatment of intestinal epithelial cell monolayers with supernatant from OmpA+ C. sakazakii/DC culture markedly enhanced membrane permeability and enterocyte apoptosis, whereas OmpA− C. sakazakii/DC culture supernatant had no effect. Analysis of OmpA+ C. sakazakii/DC coculture supernatant revealed significantly greater TGF-β production compared with the levels produced by OmpA− C. sakazakii infection. TGF-β levels were elevated in the intestinal tissue of mice infected with OmpA+ C. sakazakii. Cocultures of CaCo-2 cells and DCs in a “double-layer” model followed by infection with OmpA+ C. sakazakii significantly enhanced monolayer leakage by increasing TGF-β production. Elevated levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) were also observed in the double-layer infection model, and abrogation of iNOS expression prevented the C. sakazakii-induced CaCo-2 cell monolayer permeability despite the presence of DCs or OmpA+ C. sakazakii/DC supernatant. Blocking TGF-β activity using a neutralizing Ab suppressed iNOS production and prevented apoptosis and monolayer leakage. Depletion of DCs in newborn mice protected against C. sakazakii-induced NEC, whereas adoptive transfer of DCs rendered the animals susceptible to infection. Therefore, C. sakazakii interaction with DCs in intestine enhances the destruction of the intestinal epithelium and the onset of NEC due to increased TGF-β production.

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“…are opportunistic food-borne pathogens that can cause severe disease in neonates which may present as septicemia, meningitis, or necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In several outbreaks, the source of infection was traced to contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) or to spoons and blenders used in preparation of PIF (8,10). The genus Cronobacter currently comprises six species: Cronobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter dublinensis, Cronobacter turicensis, Cronobacter malonaticus, Cronobacter muytjensii, and Cronobacter genomospecies 1 (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genes Involved in Cronobacter sakazakii Biofilm Formation

Hartmann

Carranza

Lehner

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic food-borne pathogens that can cause severe and sometimes lethal infections in neonates. In some outbreaks, the sources of infection were traced to contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) or contaminated utensils used for PIF reconstitution. In this study, we investigated biofilm formation in Cronobacter sakazakii strain ES5. To investigate the genetic basis of biofilm formation in Cronobacter on abiotic surfaces, we screened a library of random transposon mutants of strain ES5 for reduced biofilm formation using a polystyrene microtiter assay. Genetic characterization of the mutants led to identification of genes that are associated with cellulose biosynthesis and flagellar structure and biosynthesis and genes involved in basic cellular processes and virulence, as well as several genes whose functions are currently unknown. In two of the mutants, hypothetical proteins ESA_00281 and ESA_00282 had a strong impact on flow cell biofilm architecture, and their contribution to biofilm formation was confirmed by genetic complementation. In addition, adhesion of selected biofilm formation mutants to Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells was investigated. Our findings suggest that flagella and hypothetical proteins ESA_00281 and ESA_00282, but not cellulose, contribute to adhesion of Cronobacter to this biotic surface.

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Cronobacter(‘Enterobacter sakazakii’): current status and future prospects

Cited by 54 publications

References 63 publications

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Cronobacter spp. – opportunistic food-borne pathogens. A review of their virulence and environmental-adaptive traits

Recruitment of Dendritic Cells Is Responsible for Intestinal Epithelial Damage in the Pathogenesis of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Cronobacter sakazakii

Genes Involved in Cronobacter sakazakii Biofilm Formation

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