Garcinia dulcisFruit Extract Induced Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis in HepG2 Liver Cancer Cell Line

Abstract

Garcinia dulcis or locally known in Malaysia as “mundu” belongs to the family of Clusiaceae. The study was conducted to investigate the anticancer potential of different parts of G. dulcis fruit extracts and their possible mechanism of action in HepG2 liver cancer cell line. MTT assay showed that the peel, flesh, and seed extracts of G. dulcis induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cell line with IC50 values of 46.33 ± 4.51, 38.33 ± 3.51, and 7.5 ± 2.52 µg/mL, respectively. The flesh extract of G. dulcis induced cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 (apoptosis) phase in a time-dependent manner. Staining with Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide showed that 41.2% of the cell population underwent apoptosis after 72 hours of exposure of the HepG2 cell line to G. dulcis flesh extract. Caspase-3 has been shown to be activated which finally leads to the death of HepG2 cell (apoptosis). GC-MS analysis showed that the highest percentage of compound identified in the extract of G. dulcis flesh was hydroxymethylfurfural and 3-methyl-2,5-furandione, together with xanthones and flavonoids (based on literature), could synergistically contribute to the observed effects. This finding suggested that the flesh extract of G. dulcis has its own potential as cancer chemotherapeutic agent against liver cancer cell.

Radical scavenging activities of peptide from Asian clam ( Corbicula fluminea ) and its protective effects on oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide in HepG2 cells

“…It has been reported that H 2 O 2 caused the targeted oxidation of cellular molecular leading to mutagenesis and death of cell (García‐Nebot et al, ). The Sub‐G1 phase is a fragment present before the G0/G1 phase, and the increase in sub‐G1 phase was a reflection of apoptosis induction (Abu Bakar, Ahmad, Suleiman, Rahmat, & Isha, ). The treatment with the component I, II, III, IV, and F5000 on injury cells could prevent the reduction in the proportion of cells in G1 phase and the rise in sub‐G1 phase induced by oxidative stress.…”

Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities of Garcinia Dulcis (Clusiaceae): A Review

“…Based on DPPH (2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assays, a variety of phenolic compounds obtained from the flower, fruit, and seed parts exhibited radical scavenging activity. Ten µM each of quercetin 3-O-βgalactopyranoside (30), fukugeside (32), xanthochymol (34), and guttiferone E (37) from the flowers showed potent antioxidant activity producing scavenging values of 57%, 56%, 60% and 59%, respectively, whereas that of the reference anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was only 43% [21]. Among the 42 compounds isolated from the green and ripe fruits, morelloflavone (1), camboginol (52), dulcisflavan (69), cambogin (79), and (-)epicathechin (81) were effective scavengers of the DPPH radical.…”

“…When the peel, flesh and seed extracts of G. dulcis fruit were tested against the HepG2 liver cancer cell line in MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, they induced cytotoxicity to the cells with IC 50 values of 46.3, 38.3 and 7.5 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the flesh extract, which contains hydroxymethylfurfural and 3-methyl-2,5-furandione as the main components, showed its potential as a liver cancer chemotherapeutic agent by inducing apoptosis in HepG2 cells [32]. Two hydroxyxanthones, 2-(1,1-dimethyl-allyl)-1,4,5-trihydroxyxanthone (12b-hydroxy-des-D-garcigerin) (95) and 4-(1,1-dimethyl-allyl)-1,2,5-trihydroxyxanthone (globuxanthone) (117), isolated from the bark exhibited remarkable anti-androgenic effects by inhibiting androgen receptor transcription in prostate cancer LNCaP cells as compared with bicalutamide, a non-steroidal anti-androgen used primarily in the treatment of prostate cancer [33].…”

Physiological and Metabolic Effects of Yellow Mangosteen (Garcinia dulcis) Rind in Rats with Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome

“…The crushed fruit is used as an expectorant to clear sputum, alleviate cough, treat scurvy and as a mild laxative [2,5,6]. An extract of G. dulcis fruit showed hepatoprotective and anti-proliferative properties [7,8].…”