We
developed four types of para-phenylene-bridged
periodic mesoporous organosilica NPs (p-P PMO NPs)
with tailored physical parameters including size, morphology, porosity,
and surface area using a new polymer-scaffolding approach. The particles
have been formulated to facilitate the codelivery of small-molecule
hydrophobic/hydrophilic cargos such as model anticancer drugs (i.e.,
doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) and O
6-benzylguanine) and model fluorescent dyes (i.e., rhodamine 6G and
Nile red). p-P PMO NPs were synthesized via a cetyltrimethylammonium
bromide (CTAB)-directed sol–gel process using two different
organic solvents and in the presence of polymeric scaffolding constituents
that led to morphologically distinct PMO NPs despite using the same
organosilane precursors. After the formulation process, the polymeric
scaffolding agent was conveniently washed away from the PMO NPs. Extensive
analyses were used to characterize the physicochemical attributes
of the PMO NPs such as their chemical composition, morphologies, etc.
Spherical and rod-shaped PMOs of diameters ranging between 79 and
342 nm, surface areas between 770 and 1060 m2/g, and pore
volumes between 0.79 and 1.37 cm3/g were prepared using
the polymer-scaffolding approach. The performance of these materials
toward drug-loading capacity, cytotoxicity, and cancer cell internalization
was evaluated. Interestingly, the designed particles exhibited significantly
high payloads of drugs and dyes (up to 78 and 94%, respectively).
Cellular studies also demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility and
marked internalization into both human breast cancer MCF-7 and glioblastoma
U-87 MG cells. Further, DOX also possessed a noticeable release from
particles and accumulation in cell nuclei with increased incubation
time in vitro. Ultimately, this work validates the controlled design
and synthesis of PMO NPs using a polymer-scaffolding approach and
highlights the potential of these materials as excellent delivery
systems for combination therapy with high loading capability to improve
the therapeutic index for cancers.